Drugs And Crime Essays - Drug Control Law, Penology,

Drugs And Crime The link between drug use and crime is not a new one. For more than twenty years, both the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Justice have funded many studies to try to better understand the connection. One such study was done in Baltimore on heroin users. This study found high rates of criminality among users during periods of active drug use, and much lower rates during periods of nonuse (Ball et al. 1983, pp.119-142). A large number of people who abuse drugs come into contact with the criminal justice system when they are sent to jail or to other correctional facilities. The criminal justice system is flooded with substance abusers. The need for expanding drug abuse treatment for this group of people was recognized in the Crime Act of 1994, which for the first time provided substantial resources for federal and state jurisdictions. In this paper, I will argue that using therapeutic communities in prisons will reduce the recidivism rates among people who have been released from prison. I am going to use the general theory of crime, which is based on self-control, to help rationalize using federal tax dollars to fund these therapeutic communities in prisons. I feel that if we teach these prisoners some self-control and alternative lifestyles that we can keep them from reentering the prisons once they get out. I am also going to describe some of today's programs that have proven to be very effective. Gottfredson and Hirschi developed the general theory of crime. It According to their theory, the criminal act and the criminal offender are separate concepts. The criminal act is perceived as opportunity; illegal activities that people engage in when they perceive them to be advantageous. Crimes are committed when they promise rewards with minimum threat of pain or punishment. Crimes that provide easy, short-term gratification are often committed. The number of offenders may remain the same, while crime rates fluctuate due to the amount of opportunity (Siegel 1998). Criminal offenders are people that are predisposed to committing crimes. This does not mean that they have no choice in the matter, it only means that their self-control level is lower than average. When a person has limited self-control, they tend to be more impulsive and shortsighted. This ties back in with crimes that are committed that provide easy, short-term gratification. These people do not necessarily have a tendency to commit crimes, they just do not look at long-term consequences and they tend to be reckless and self-centered (Longshore 1998, pp.102-113). These people with lower levels of self-control also engage in non-criminal acts as well. These acts include drinking, gambling, smoking, and illicit sexual activity (Siegel 1998). Also, drug use is a common act that is performed by these people. They do not look at the consequences of the drugs, while they get the short-term gratification. Sometimes this drug abuse becomes an addiction and then the person will commit other small crimes to get the drugs or them money to get the drugs. In a mid-western study done by Evans et al. (1997, pp. 475-504), there was a significant relationship between self-control and use of illegal drugs. The problem is once these people get into the criminal justice system, it is hard to get them out. After they do their time and are released, it is much easier to be sent back to prison. Once they are out, they revert back to their impulsive selves and continue with the only type of life they know. They know short-term gratification, the "quick fix" if you will. Being locked up with thousands of other people in the same situation as them is not going to change them at all. They break parole and are sent back to prison. Since the second half of the 1980's, there has been a large growth in prison and jail populations, continuing a trend that started in the 1970's. The proportion of drug users in the incarcerated population also grew at the same time. By the end of the 1980's, about one-third of those sent to state prisons had been convicted of a drug offense; the highest in the country's history (Reuter 1992, pp. 323-395). With the arrival of crack use in the 1980's, the strong relationship between drugs and crime got stronger. The use of cocaine and heroin became very prevalent. Violence on the streets that is caused by drugs got the public's attention and that put pressure on the police and courts. Consequently, more arrests were made. While it may

A Beginners Guide to the Neolithic Period

A Beginner's Guide to the Neolithic Period The Neolithic period as a notion is based on an idea from the 19th century, when John Lubbock split Christian Thomsens Stone Age into the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) and New Stone Age (Neolithic). In 1865, Lubbock distinguished the Neolithic as when polished or ground stone tools were first used but since Lubbocks day, the definition of Neolithic is a package of characteristics: groundstone tools, rectangular buildings, pottery, people living in settled villages and, most importantly, the production of food by developing a working relationship with animals and plants called domestication. Theories In archaeological history, there have been many different theories about how and why agriculture was invented and then adopted by others: the Oasis Theory, the Hilly Flanks Theory, and the Marginal Area or Periphery Theory are only the most well-known. In retrospect, it does seem odd that after two million years of hunting and gathering, people would suddenly start producing their own food. Some scholars even debate whether farming- a labor-intensive task which requires the active support of a community- was really a positive choice for hunter-gatherers. The remarkable changes that agriculture brought to people are what some scholars call the Neolithic Revolution. Most archaeologists today have abandoned the idea of one single overarching theory for the invention and cultural adoption of farming, because studies have shown that circumstances and processes varied from place to place. Some groups willingly embraced the stability of animal and plant tending while others fought to maintain their hunter-gatherer lifestyle for hundreds of years. Where The Neolithic, if you define it as the independent invention of agriculture, can be identified in several different places. The main hubs of plant and animal domestication are considered to include the Fertile Crescent and the adjacent hilly flanks of the Taurus and Zagros mountains; the Yellow and Yangtze river valleys of northern China; and central America, including parts of northern South America. Plants and animals domesticated in these heartlands were adopted by other peoples in adjacent regions, traded across continents, or brought to those people by migrations. However, there is increasing evidence that hunter-gatherer horticulture led to independent domestication of plants in other locations, such as Eastern North America. The Earliest Farmers The earliest domestications, animal and plant (that we know of), occurred some 12,000 years ago in southwest Asia and the Near East in the Fertile Crescent of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the lower slopes of the Zagros and Taurus mountains adjacent to the Fertile Crescent. Sources and Further Information Bogucki P. 2008. EUROPE | Neolithic. In: Pearsall, DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1175-1187.Hayden B. 1990. Nimrods, piscators, pluckers, and planters: The emergence of food production. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9(1):31-69.Lee G-A, Crawford GW, Liu L, and Chen X. 2007. Plants and people from the Early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(3):1087-1092.Pearsall DM. 2008. Plant domestication. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1822-1842.Richard S. 2008. ASIA, WEST | Archaeology of the Near East: The Levant. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 834-848.Wenming Y. 2004. The Cradle of Eastern Civilization. pp. 49-75 in Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past, Volume 1. Xiaoneng Yang, editor. Yale University Press, New Haven.Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and e arly agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. Zeder MA. 2012. The Broad Spectrum Revolution at 40: Resource diversity, intensification, and an alternative to optimal foraging explanations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(3):241-264.Zeder MA. 2015. Core questions in domestication research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(11):3191-3198.Zeder MA, Emshwiller E, Smith BD, and Bradley DG. 2006. Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology. Trends in Genetics 22(3):139-155.

Pollution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution - Research Paper Example Evidently, pollution has been in existence since the dawn of mankind. These pollutions have been mostly due to natural causes arising from the Earth’s natural processes such as volcanic activity or sedimentation caused by river flows. However, the Earth possesses its own purifying systems that are in a capacity of counterbalancing the adverse effects of pollution. On the other hand, the Earth’s natural purifying systems have a limit to what it can adequately control. To this end, the acceleration of pollution due to rapid industrialization and unsustainable practices by man, has led to the compounding of pollution effects across earth’s ecosystem levels. At this juncture, the United Nations Environmental Program have defined pollution as the inclusion of contaminants into a pristine environment that consequently degrades its quality, and leads to detrimental effects. Evidently, pollution stems from two principal sources; natural source and manmade sources or indu strial sources. Moreover, there are myriad types of pollution that accrue from pollution. To this end, these types of pollution include, air, water, noise, visual, soil, waste, food, light and construction pollution. The subsequent section will intricately delve into the two sources and types of pollution. Moreover, an in depth analysis of the effects of pollution on the environment, health, and animals will be highlighted. Finally, the report will recommend measures of preventing and reducing pollution in Dubai. The natural sources of pollution refer to contaminants are introduced by natural processes as opposed to manmade processes. Evidently, these natural sources affect the air water and soil. To this end, natural sources include toxic gases produced by volcanic eruptions (BTNEP). These gases are mostly nitrogen dioxide, and sulphur dioxide that contribute to the changing of chemical processes such as acidification of rainwater. Moreover, the heat generated during a volcanic eruption increases

Harnessing Information Management, the Data, and Infrastructure Assignment

Harnessing Information Management, the Data, and Infrastructure - Assignment Example General Electric deals with sale and manufacture of GE’s jet engines, hospital MRI equipment, trains, and turbines. The components require utmost efficiency in their operation which require analysis of a lot of performance and service data that will be analyzed to create better gadgets and machines. Information management is, therefore, crucial to GE in that: It reduces operation cost that require constant processing of information. A good management of information will ensure that all the departments like manufacturing and sales departments get already processed information in real, and this reduces overall cost.It ensures that a lot of information is gotten from the same data source.It will reduce conflicting information requirements for either the management, production of the marketing departments since they might require the same data in their daily processes. Information management also ensures data security due the access controls and authorization levels created. Access controls can be implemented by giving particular people only write or read capabilities to the database with database administrators being given all the privileges. Information management will ensure that there are flexibility and responsiveness of information. It is required that all GE departments and branches all over the world have instant access to information in their databases. Instant access of information is achieved through effective management of data and processed information. New Information Technologies come up to replace existing ones with the hope of improving performance. GE Electric is a big swing company that has invested in new IT architectures to improve its performance. GE has invested heavily in technologies like cloud deployment and implementation of digital sensors in their devices (General Electric, 2015). Cloud has enabled a lot of data or processed

Can food ever be too cheap Can consumers be denied choice Can Essay

Can food ever be too cheap Can consumers be denied choice Can supermarkets offer the lowest prices and still be ethical You - Essay Example There is an argument if it is ethical for business community to overlook the environmental damage cause by the transportation of food from thousands of miles away, consume fossil fuels and cause green house gases. On the other hand people argue that the imported organic food items creats much of the CO2 at its production site. For instance, lamb imported from New Zealand produce around 1500 pounds of CO2 per ton while the same produce four times if raised in Britain. Since I am an staunch supporter of importing items from other countries, it is important to make one understnd that carbon emission is not the only reason for global warming issue. Other factors, which economists term as ‘factors inputs and externalities’, like use of fertilizers, packaging disposals, irrigation methodology, use of different types of transportations etc. are also considered while using ‘Food Mile Calculator’, a technique to quantify the carbon emission footprints. Secondly, grow ing population of the world has made it impossible to feed through local grown production. Therefore, rather an effort to control the obsession for food of our consumers, go beyond the borders, utilize naturally fertile lands and provide sustainable products irrespective of the season. The new deal drafted by World Trade Organization is helping new economies to emerge. It ensures that trade balance does not fall in favor of rich countries only. Countries like Indonesia and Bangladesh with huge populations are discouraged to depend only on American and European economic aids, and adopt ‘catch-up’ policies to reduce their trade deficit. The Soil Association (UK) voices for the â€Å"food miles† labelling system but insists that it is not trying to stop air-freight, produces more carbon dioxide than any other tansportation means. Reseachers believe that concentrating only on air-freighted products, that constitutes only 0.5% of the global production (Soil Associatio n), will hurt the economic efforts to build local economies of the under-developed countries. I can, therefore, confidently state that the real issue is not about the global warming but the accessibility of our consumers to a sustainable organic product and information about the economic and social impact of intercontinental world trade. Despite of freedom of choice, more environmental friendly and financial boost that each â€Å"food mile† brings to the international communities, people stand against it. I am not against the local producers, but people tends to be over conscious when it comes to air-freighted food. Of course, it does not bring the price down, but makes it possible to offer the food they like when it is not being home grown. The availability of such items gives an added-value to the supermarkets and for that businesses are entirely elligible to add increased cost of transportation and logistics. For instance, locally grown British broccoli, available only fro m February to April, is much cheaper than the Zimbabwean purple broccoli, available through out the year. Personally, I would prefer ‘food miles’ labels tagged rather denying our consumers from having healthy food choices, just because of a false notion. This is unethical business practice and does not help the local as well as international societies in any way possible. There are several

Effect of Color and Word Length on Memory Performance

Effect of Color and Word Length on Memory Performance Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of color and word length on memory performance. Seventy nine undergraduate  college students from Disted college, aged from 19 to 23 of both male and female genders were recruited for the study. The study  was a 32 mixed method design, There are two independent variables in this experiment which are word length and colors of words,  while the dependent variable is memory performance. Results showed that there was no significant change in colored words on  memory performance, while differences in word length showed a significant increase in memory performance. The results supported  our secondary hypothesis which claimed that participants were more able to remember shorter words than longer words. On the  contrary, our primary hypothesis was not supported. In conclusion, word length may have a positive impact on memory performance. Introduction It is common knowledge that we humans are more attracted to colorful objects like pictures or colored films than black and  white colors. It is also well known that young children, especially babies and toddlers are particularly attracted to shinny and striking  colors. Such instances may have piqued the curiosity of scholars in the old days to answer the question why people are more  attracted to colorful stimulus, sadly for the scholars the capacity to study this topic is not readily available until recent times. Since  ancient antiquity, colors on clothes not only made people look more distinct from one another, certain colors also inspire awe and  shows status and power. For example, in the east Chinese emperors have always wore gold color to signify their status as son of  heaven, while in the west Roman emperors and the aristocrats wear purple so show their status in society. In today’s society, an individual in the academic field is expected to be able to do many tasks, one of the most important skills in  our society is to be able to remember important things. For example, in college we constantly need to remember important terms  andwords, these information that we have learned is to be tested in quizzes and exams. College students that do not have good  attention focus and memory are looked down upon by their lecturers and peers because they mostly under perform in their academic  performance. Fortunately for this type of college students, as time progress more efficient methods of studying and memorizing is  being discovered or proposed. One of these methods is mind mapping, the method of mind mapping basically uses the right side  (color and creativity) together with the left side (words and logic) of the brain to increase memory performance (Astrid, n.d). As such, it can be seen that both color and words could be essential component in memory performance. Working together,  both aspects could be used to aid or test the performance of a students memory capability. Similar to mind maps, word length and  different kind of colors could affect the overall memory performance. Theoretical Framework The human mind has a very complicated way of processing and memorizing information. Among the many theories that  attempted to explain how memory works, Baddeleys working memory model seemed to provide one of the best explanations. This  model was created by Baddely and Hitch to improve upon the rather obsolete multi-store model, they argued that the multi-store  model was too simplified. Their working memory model seeks to explain that short term memory has components/subsystems that  actively manipulates information that it receives (Miyake Shah, 1999). The model has four important components which were the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Central Executive†, â€Å"Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad†, â€Å"phonological loop† and â€Å"Episodic Buffer†. They further elaborated that working  memory was made up of the central executive which controls the operation of two subsystems: the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketch pad. The final component, episodic buffer was m eant to be a back up store that connects working memory with long  term memory (McLeod, 2008). The working memory model relates to color and word length due to the visuo-spatial sketchpad and the phonological loop. The  visuo-spatial sketchpad stores visual information such as word shapes and colors for a short period of time (Logie, 2002). Our  working memory was very focused on color because colored objects of an items leaves a deeper impression on our memory  (Cercone Learning, n.d). While, some people tend to recall words better when they pronounce it while memorizing, their ability to  recall is affected by the word length, which is stored in the phonological loop (Logie, 2002). Past Literature As time goes by more and more past research was made to address the issue of colored words and word length on memory  performance. Although most research only investigated on colored words and memory performance or word length on memory  performance, their contribution were highly regarded. One such study was made by Mustafar Dzulkifli (2013), their study was  focused on investigating the effect of ground color on memory performance. In their study, they invited 90 undergraduate students ,  age ranges from 19 to 22 to participate in the experiment. They conducted their experiment by using between group design, there  was three groups of participant that were given different treatments. The first group was given red colored background slides, while  the second group was given background slides with no color. The third group was be given background slides that have a  combination of color and no-color background to be shown alternately. Their research results found that most shape with colored  background will be recalled better than shape with non-color background. Another research was made by Campoy (2008) which was made to investigate the effect of word length in short-term memory.   The research invited 50 undergraduate university students. The research was conducted by using two participants in each session in  two different sound-attenuated booths. In the booths the computers shows a stimulus (five-word series study list) presented in block  letters at the rate 300 ms per word. After a delay 3,000 ms, the second sequence (test list) was shown in lower case at the same  speed. Lastly, a question mark was revealed and the participants will press key â€Å"1† or â€Å"2† when they decided the word orders in both  series were different or same. Results revealed that a list of short four-phoneme words were better remembered than a lists of long  six-phoneme words. Among the many past research, there was one research that stands out the most. Research done by Le Castillo (2009) was  meant to investigate on the effects of color and word length on verbal working memory. In this research, 61 business professionals  were invited to participate. The research was conducted by first requesting participants to memorize short words (12 seconds) and  long words (30 seconds), then participants were requested to recall short words within 24 seconds and long words within 60  seconds. Participants was then asked to do demographic questionnaires and include them together with their answer papers. The  results showed that five-syllable words were the most hard to remember, with memory performance difference much more obvious  between Caucasians and none-Caucasians. Description of Study In this study, we were much different compared to past studies because we focused on both length of words and color of words,  as stated in our ERB (refer to Appendix D) Compared to past research like the one done by Huchendorf who mainly focuses on the  effects of color on memory or the one done by Neath Naire that was focused on word length and short term memory, ours were  more complex and in-dept because we analyze both aspects. Among the many studies that was made, our experiment most  resembles the one by Le Castillo. In Le Castillo, one of the main aspects they investigated was the capacity of memory among  sixty one business professionals. Compared to their experiment, our experiment not only was focused on a different sample, which  isthe college student sample, we also have a larger amount of participants which provides us a greater variety of cultural  backgroundand memory capability. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of color and word length on memory performance. Our experiment was  conducted by separating all our participants into two equally large sized group, then the participants were directed to the short word  or long word experiment room to do the experiment. In the rooms the participants were given one minute to attempt to memorize as  many words as they can and then given another minute to recall and write down the words they can remember, participants were  thengiven one minute to cool down and rest before starting the next treatment. In our experiment, we outlined two hypothesis that  waswritten in our ERB. Based on past research by Huchendorf (2007), Le Castillo (2009) and Neath Naire (1995), we  hypothesized that warm colored words is easier to remember than cool colored words and shorter word length is easier to be  remembered than longer word length. Practical Implication of Study An implication of this study was that the finding could be used in class rooms to assist teachers and lecturers in guiding  students. Teachers can use this knowledge to teach students on doing mind maps and teach them to use highlighters to highlight  certain words, the highlighted words will increase the capability of a students memory. Methods Design The experiment was an experimental type research design that was meant to investigate the cause and effect of the  independent and dependent variable. The research have two independent variables and three levels. The independent variables  were words length (single syllable/three syllables) and color of the words (black), warm color (red) and the cool color (green). The  dependent variable was using memory performance of number of correct words recalled. Also, the research is a 32 mixed method  design, the reason the research was using mixed method was because the design contained elements from between and within  subject. Participants There was approximately seventy nine participants that came from different races, the participants were also recruited from the  many different courses of Disted college. Their age range was between 19 and 23 years old while their gender was both male and  female. The students participated the experiment due to their own willingness and initiative. Furthermore, experimenters had  requested permission from the DISTED Student council to obtain lecture schedules to see which class was available and  permissionfrom individual lecturers to recruit students. The participants was recruited through random sampling method ; the  experimenters had approached students around DISTED college cafeteria, library and pre-selected classes. Material The experiment had used two computers and two projectors to depict the different colored and worded experiment slides,  another material was the computer software Microsoft power point, specifically the slides was made using the software. The twenty  words from each of the color worded slides (refer to Appendix B) are retrieved from MRC Psycholinguistic Database, University of  Western Australia, School of Psychology. Other materials include SPSS program to calculate the results output (refer to Appendix  C)and smart phone built in stop watches that was used to time the experiment sessions (timing one minute for memorizing words or  one minute to recall the list of words). Procedure The study was conducted in two classrooms each equipped with a projector, the experiment was conducted across several  sessions with a random amount of participants in each session. The participants were first given a brief explanation about the nature  and purpose of the experiment and then the experimenters requested the participants to sign the consent form (refer to Appendix A). Next, each participant was randomly assigned by counting one and two, it is arranged like that so that both groups would be equal in  number .The first group was asked to remain in the current room, while the second group was brought to the other room by one of the  experimenters. Also, the first group was given a list of shorter words (one syllable) with three different colored treatments ; control  color (black) ,warm color (red) and cool color (green). Similar to the first group, the second group was given the same treatment,  except that the word length was longer (three syllables). The experiment was started when participants were given one minute to remember a list of black colored words from the  projected slides on screen and another 1 minute to write it down on the paper, after that the participants were given one minute to  cool down. Once the participants were ready for the next treatment, the participants was given one minute to remember a list of red  colored words and then another minute to write it down, then the participants were given another minute to cool down before the last  treatment. Finally, the participants was given other minute to remember a list of green colored words and one minute to write it down. Once all the words that can be recalled was written down, the experimenters collected the papers from the participants and the  participants were dismissed. Discussion As seen in the results section written above, our experiments outcome concluded that color of words generally do not affect  memory performance. However, our results also showed that disregarding the length of words, colored words have significant  relationship with memory performance. On the other hand, word length has a positively significant relationship with memory  performance. Among our two hypotheses, the word length and memory performance hypothesis was highly supported by our results. More specifically, our hypothesis that mentioned short words were more easily remembered than longer words. The results of our study was consistent and supported by past literature, research findings by Campoy (2008) and Le Castillo  (2009) were two such examples. Their research results had shown that people found it easier to remember words with less syllables  or phonemes. The consensus between the two past literature and our experiment was that, lesser amount of syllables allowed  working memory to process information faster and more efficiently. However, our experiment was not supported by Mustafar   Dzulkifli (2013). Their results did not coincide with our results on color, they found that shapes with colored background was recalled  better than shape with non-color background. A possible reason on why our results was not the same as some past research was  because, we focused our experiment on both color and word length, instead of just one of it. It should be acknowledged that there was one failed manipulations in our experiment, that particular failure was our colored  wordmanipulation, it is due to this reason that our first hypothesis failed. Also, there was a few confounding variables that might have  affected the experiment. One of the confounding variable was the experiments starting time, the experimenters had noted that there  were some inaccuracies on the timing of some experiment sessions. Another reason was due to the hour we conducted our  experiment. For example, we conducted our experiment on late afternoon, it could be that most participants were weary, fatigued  andfrustrated after a long day in class, such distractions would leave the participants less capable to focus on our experiment. The  third confounding variable was due to temperature, one of the rooms was rather cold while the other was rather warm, it should be  noted that the differences in room temperature could affect the performance of the participants. In order to solve these problems, the  experimenters had taken steps such as adjusting the airconditiong of both rooms to be the same and set timers to start the  experiments simultaneously. Throughout our experiment, we realized certain important things that would prove beneficial for future studies. Experiments  made in future could be improved upon by gathering a larger amount of participants from different age, race and background, doing  so would have given the future experimenters a better represented result based on a more diverse data. Future experiments could  also be improved by using culturally neutral words, the usage of such words would have allowed certain participants to perform better  without a cultural word barrier. Another suggestion was that future experiments could have done their experiments earlier, this is  suggested so that the participants would be able to do the experiment on their peaked performance. The implication of this study was that it would benefit any individual that is in the academic world or the business world. A  studentwould have found this experiment helpful because our results would have assisted them in their academic performance. Our  experiment results would have shown them that making short notes would have made them more efficient in their studies. Teachers  and lecturers could also use our experiment results to form a more effective study materials, study materials that are shorter and  simpler would be more effective for a students studies. Another benefit was that advertising corporations could have used our  experiment results to assist them in creating an attractive and memorable advertisement in the minds of consumers. As a final conclusion, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between word length, word color and memory  performance. The findings showed that participants found it easier to remember words that are shorter and more warm colored or  longer words with cooler color. Further studies should be conducted with a larger sample population.

Abortion: More Harm than Good Essay -- The Right to Life, Pro-Life Essa

In today's society abortion is getting more notice then ever. After the president banned partial birth abortion controversy arose from all sides of the table and has been since Roe v. Wade. Many women today feel as if they should have the right to chose either to bring life into this world or not. These women feel as if abortion will give them a sense of relief. What many of these pro-choicers don't realize is that abortion causes more destruction then relief. Mothers who chose to abort their baby don't realize the post abortion destruction aborting has. These Mothers see it as relief from having to give birth to an unwanted child. Yes, if women have an abortion she will not have to bring an unwanted baby into the world, but is it really a relief? Abortion brings along with it many destructive packages. Packages of murder, emotional and psychological effects along with medical problems. So, Now your thinking Abortion isn't murder, the baby is not even born yet. Well Abortion is murder. An innocent human life is brutally murdered every 22 seconds in the United States. That is a lot of babies being killed every day, and that's just in the United States. At a senate Judiciary subcommittee in 1981 the hearing was about "When does a human life begin." Appearing at this committee was a group of internationally known geneticists and biologists. Dr. Hymie Gordon along with all the others in the group agreed that " by all criteria of modern molecular biology life is present from the moment of conception" (Dr. Hymie Gordon) Former abortionist David Brewer M.D says, " My heart callous agai... ...d from rape or incest. Those giving an opinion 90 percent said they would discourage other victims of sexual violence from having an abortion"(Reardon, Victims and Victors) Among the women in the survey who had a baby, not one expressed regret about her choice. A woman who was a victim of sexual violence says, " What rape takes away from a women abortion can not restore." In today's world abortion is looked upon as a relief mechanism. Young women turn to abortion to escape the responsibility of their actions or from the actions forced upon them. In the long run abortion does nothing but cause destruction not only to the unborn baby but also to the aborting mother. Abortion causes more destruction than relief.

Global Citizenship Essay

We live in a â€Å"global† world now. Corporate globalization is prevalent nearly everywhere. Travel is more common than ever before. We get news in our homes about any place in the world seconds after it happens. The internet allows us to connect with people all over the world. It allows us to stay in touch with people as we move all over the world as well. We even have an international language! English is spoken (by at least some portions of the population) nearly everywhere you go. Everyone has the potential of being a Global Citizen if they wish to but it takes courage, commitment, and a sense of humour to become one. Global citizenship might sound like a vague concept for academics but in fact it’s a very practical way of looking at the world which anyone, if given the opportunity, can relate to. In the context of globalization, thinking and acting as a global citizen is immensely important and can bring real benefits. To have a full insight of what it means to be a â€Å"global citizen†, one needs to understand what it means to be a citizen. A citizen is a native or naturalized member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to its government and is entitled to its protection (distinguished from alien). It also refers to a person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization to the protection of a state or nation. According to some accounts, citizenship is motivated by local interests (love of family, communal fairness, self-interest), global interests (a sense of universal equality), and concern for fellow human beings, human rights and human dignity. The key tenets of global citizenship include respect for any and all fellow global citizens, regardless of race, religion or creed and give rise to a universal sympathy beyond the barriers of nationality. At Oxfam Education, Global Citizenship is believed to be more than the sum of its parts. It goes beyond simply knowing that we are citizens of the globe to an acknowledgement of our responsibilities both to each other and to the Earth itself. Global Citizenship is about understanding the need to tackle injustice and inequality, and having the desire and ability to work actively to do so. It is about valuing the Earth as precious and unique, and safeguarding the future for those coming after us. â€Å" Global citizenship can be defined as a moral and ethical disposition which can guide the understanding of individuals or groups of local and global contexts, and remind them of their relative responsibilities within  various communities (Barack Obama , 2008). Global Citizenship is a way of thinking and behaving. It is an outlook on life, a belief that we can make a difference. When translated into participatory action, global citizenship entails a responsibility to reduce international inequality (both social and economic), to refrain from action which compromises an individuals’ well-being, and avoids contributing to environmental degradation. A typical example of a Global Citizen is someone who: is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen; respects and values diversity;  has an understanding of how the world works economically, politically, socially, culturally, technologically and environmentally; is outraged by social injustice;   participates in and contributes to the community at a range of levels from local to global; is willing to act to make the world a more sustainable place; takes responsibility for his/her actions. To create a world of Global Citizens, education must be a priority. Though not as an additional subject but as an ethos that can be promoted in class through teaching the existing curriculum in a way that highlights aspects such as social justice, the appreciation of diversity and the importance of sustainable development. In the wider school setting, Global Citizenship can be reflected in the way you relate to those around you. As Global Citizens it is of utmost importance to know that we were born in this world and not aliens, and we also owe our allegiance to the â€Å"government† which we are citizens of. We must also protect our country — the world — when called on to do this. If our homeplace is attacked, with bombs or soldiers or internal rioting and terrorism, we are required to stand up and defend it. As citizens of the world, we must stand up, truly, to the attack on our home that is occurring on a daily basis. We must stand up to the environmental degr adation that is tearing apart our land and depleting our water. If we are citizens of the world, it is imperative that we stand up and protect our country if it is being threatened. The only way to truly achieve a lasting change is to further develop a globally connected mindset and engage those around to foster fair, equal and sustained partnerships with one another in this world. For this reason I, as a Global Citizen, will strive to reach a  deeper understanding of issues relevant to global poverty; and act with compassion, serving as an advocate and activist for positive change in the world. I also pledge to the following: I will seek innovative means to address global issues such as poverty e.t.c I will take it upon myself to think critically about the social and environmental consequences of my actions as it might have either positive or negative impact on otherparts of the world as well as future generations. I will make purchases carefully, taking into account the social and environmental factors of the creation and transport of all consumer goods and also minimize the waste I produce so as make a positive impact on the environment. I will build awareness about issues of social and environmental justice in any and all communities that I am a part of. In whatever field I find myself employed, I will do everything I can to ensure that it adheres to the utmost standards of social and environmental consideration. I understand that the only way to truly achieve lasting change is to further develop a globally connected mindset and engage those around me to foster fair, equal and sustained partnerships with others in this world.

Dieppe Raid in World War II

Dieppe Raid in World War II The Dieppe Raid took place during World War II (1939-1945).  Launched on August 19, 1942, it was an Allied effort to capture and occupy the port of Dieppe, France for a short period. The primary objective of the raid was to gather intelligence and test strategies for the invasion of Europe. Despite the element of surprise being lost, the operation went forward and was a complete failure. The largely Canadian forces that landed suffered losses of over 50%.  The lessons learned during the Dieppe Raid influenced later Allied amphibious operations. Background Following the Fall of France in June 1940, the British began developing and testing new amphibious tactics which would be needed in order to return to the Continent. Many of these were utilized during the commando operations conducted by Combined Operations. In 1941, with the Soviet Union under extreme pressure, Joseph Stalin asked Prime Minister Winston Churchill to expedite the opening of a second front. While British and Americans forces were not in a position to launch a major invasion, several large raids were discussed. In identifying potential targets, Allied planners sought to test tactics and strategies that could be used during the main invasion. Key among these was whether a large, fortified seaport could be captured intact during the initial phases of the attack. Also, while infantry landing techniques had been perfected during the commando operations, there was concern regarding the effectiveness of the landing craft designed to carry tanks and artillery, as well as questions regarding the German response to the landings. Moving forward, planners selected the town of Dieppe, in northwest France, as the target. The Allied Plan Designated Operation Rutter, preparations for the raid began with the goal of implementing the plan in July 1942. The plan called for paratroopers to land east and west of Dieppe to eliminate German artillery positions while the Canadian 2nd Division assaulted the town. In addition, the Royal Air Force would be present in force with the goal of drawing the Luftwaffe into battle. Embarking on July 5, the troops were aboard their ships when the fleet was attacked by German bombers. With the element of surprise eliminated, it was decided to cancel the mission. While most felt the raid was dead, Lord Louis Mountbatten, the head of Combined Operations, resurrected it on July 11 under the name Operation Jubilee. Working outside of the normal command structure, Mountbatten pressed for the raid to go forward on August 19. Due to the unofficial nature of his approach, his planners were forced to utilize intelligence that was months old. Changing the initial plan, Mountbatten replaced the paratroopers with commandos and added two flank attacks designed to capture the headlands that dominated Dieppes beaches. Fast Facts: Dieppe Raid Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: August 19, 1942Armies Commanders:AlliesLord Louis MountbattenMajor General John H. Roberts6,086 menGermanyField Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt1,500 menCasualties:Allies: 1,027 were killed and 2,340 were capturedGermany: 311 killed and 280 wounded Early Problems Departing on August 18, with Major General John H. Roberts in command, the raiding force moved across the Channel towards Dieppe. Issues quickly arose when the eastern commando forces ships encountered a German convoy. In the brief fight that followed, the commandos were scattered and only 18 successfully landed. Led by Major Peter Young, they moved inland and opened fire on the German artillery position. Lacking the men to capture it, Young was able to keep the Germans pinned down and away from their guns. Lieutant Colonel The Lord Lovat of No. 4 Commando, at Newhaven after returning from the Dieppe Raid. Public Domain Far to west, No. 4 Commando, under Lord Lovat, landed and quickly destroyed the other artillery battery. Next to land were the two flank attacks, one at Puys and the other at Pourville. Landing at Pourville, just to the east of Lovats commandos, Canadian troops were put ashore on the wrong side of the Scie River. As a result, they were forced to fight through town to gain the only bridge across the stream. Reaching the bridge, they were unable to get across and were forced to withdraw. To the east of Dieppe, Canadian and Scottish forces hit the beach at Puys. Arriving in disorganized waves, they encountered heavy German resistance and were unable to get off the beach. As the intensity of the German fire prevented rescue craft from approaching, the entire Puys force was either killed or captured. A Bloody Failure Despite the failures on the flanks, Roberts pressed on with the main assault. Landing around 5:20 AM, the first wave climbed up the steep pebble beach and encountered stiff German resistance. The attack on the eastern end of the beach was stopped completely, while some progress was made at the western end, where troops were able to move into a casino building. The infantrys armor support arrived late and only 27 of 58 tanks successfully made it ashore. Wounded on the beach at Dieppe, August 19, 1942. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-291-1205-14 / Koll / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Those that did were blocked from entering the town by an anti-tank wall. From his position on the destroyer HMS Calpe, Roberts was unaware that the initial assault was trapped on the beach and taking heavy fire from the headlands. Acting on fragments of radio messages which implied that his men were in the town, he ordered his reserve force to land. Taking fire all the way to the shore, they added to the confusion on the beach. Finally around 10:50 AM, Roberts became aware that the raid had turned into a disaster and ordered the troops to withdraw back to their ships. Due to heavy German fire, this proved difficult and many were left on the beach to become prisoners. The deadly result of enfilade fire during the Dieppe Raid of 1942: dead Canadian soldiers lie where they fell on Blue Beach. Trapped between the beach and fortified sea wall, they made easy targets for MG 34 machineguns in a German bunker. The bunker firing slit is visible in the distance, just above the German soldiers head. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-291-1205-14 / Koll / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Aftermath Of the 6,090 Allied troops that took part in the Dieppe Raid, 1,027 were killed and 2,340 were captured. This loss represented 55% of Roberts total force. Of the 1,500 Germans tasked with defending Dieppe, losses totaled around 311 killed and 280 wounded. Severely criticized after the raid, Mountbatten defended his actions, citing that, despite its failure, it provided vital lessons which would be used later in Normandy. In addition, the raid led Allied planners to drop the notion of capturing a seaport during the initial stages of the invasion, as well as showed the importance of pre-invasion bombardments and naval gunfire support.

History of Mail and the Postal System

History of Mail and the Postal System The history of using a mail service or courier service to pass messages from one person in one place to another person in another place has most likely been occurring since the invention of writing.   The first documented use of organized  courier  service is in  Egypt in 2400 B.C., where  Pharaohs  used couriers to send out decrees throughout the territory of the State. The earliest surviving piece of mail is also Egyptian, which dates back to 255 BC. There is evidence of postal systems dating back to ancient Persia, China, India and Rome. Today, the  Universal Postal Union, established in 1874, includes 192 member countries and sets the rules for international mail exchanges. First Envelopes The first envelopes were made of cloth, animal skins or vegetable parts.   The Babylonians wrapped their message in thin sheets of clay that were then baked. These Mesopotamian envelopes date back to circa 3200  BC. They were hollow, clay spheres that were molded around financial tokens and used in private transactions.   Paper envelopes were developed in China, where paper was invented in the 2nd century B.C.  Paper envelopes, known as  chih poh, were used to store gifts of money. Of Mice and Mail In 1653, a Frenchman De Valayer established a postal system in Paris. He set up mailboxes and delivered any letters placed in them if they used the postage pre-paid envelopes that he sold. De Valayers business did not last long when a devious person decided to put live mice in the mailboxes scaring away his customers. Postage Stamps A schoolmaster from England, Rowland Hill, invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts, the first  postage stamp system  in the world was issued in England in 1840. Hill created the first uniform postage rates that were based on weight, rather than size. Hills stamps made the prepayment of postage both possible and practical.   History of The United States Postal Office The  United States Postal Service is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government and has been responsible for providing postal services in the U.S. since its start in 1775. It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the U.S. Constitution. Founding father  Benjamin Franklin  was appointed the first  postmaster general.   First Mail Order Catalog The  first mail order catalog  was distributed in 1872 by Aaron Montgomery Ward selling goods primarily to rural farmers who had difficulty making it out to the big cities for commerce. Ward started his Chicago-based business with only $2,400. The first catalog consisted of a single sheet of paper with a price list, 8 inches by 12 inches, showing the merchandise for sale with ordering instructions. The catalogs then expanded into illustrated books. ln 1926, the first Montgomery Ward retail store opened in Plymouth, Indiana. In 2004, the company was re-launched as an e-commerce business. The First Automatic Postal Sorter Canadian electronics scientist Maurice Levy invented an automatic postal sorter in 1957 that could handle 200,000 letters an hour. The Canadian Post Office Department had commissioned Levy to design and supervise the building of a new, electronic, computer-controlled, automatic mail sortation system for Canada. A hand-made model sorter was tested at postal headquarters in Ottawa in 1953. It worked, and a prototype coding and sortation machine, capable of processing all of the mail then generated by the City of Ottawa, was built by Canadian manufacturers in 1956. It could process mail at a rate of 30,000 letters per hour, with a missort factor of less than one letter in 10,000.

Irigaray an Essentialist or not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Irigaray an Essentialist or not - Essay Example She observes that women have been traditionally excluded from history of philosophy and psychoanalytic theories, only being related to other categories of the nature and matter instead. This denies women an opportunity to gain their own female subject position, which is distinguishable from the aspects of nature and matter (Fuss, 63). According to her, in the concept of philosophy, psychoanalytic theory and linguistic structure, a separate female position and identity does not exist, and thus women only gain subjectivity, when being associated with men. It is on the basis of this fact that she advocates for the concept of mimesis, which allows the members of a social group to come together, despite their differences, to take the advantage of the similarity that they exude, and forge a common identity, which would allow them to achieve certain goals (Fuss, 58). This advocacy requires women to take the advantage of the femininity, and forge an identity that they apply to push for recog nition and advocate for their rights, whenever they feel that such rights are not easily granted. Through the observation that women has no distinct subject position from that of nature and matter, Irigaray goes further to subject the stereotypes that are often given about women to scrutiny, to analyze such subjective views and put them into perspective (Fuss, 64). This is perceived through the lens of philosophy history and language. She upholds that women are not subjected to real views of themselves, and thus they should apply the views they are subjected to, to deny the stereotypes and show their true position. Therefore, if women are stereotyped to be illogical, then they should speak and act logically, so that they can disapprove that notion (Fuss, 71). She holds the view that negative prejudices and views against women cannot be overcome by merely ignoring the views, rather through confronting and demystifying the views in a more

Florida Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Florida Contract - Essay Example The handbook helps in minimizing conflict by ensuring employees are treated fairly. Therefore, the employee handbook acts as a binding contract for them. This is because it is written and not complying with what it stipulates can lead to the employer been sued. An employee has certain rights according to the handbook. Some of the rights include compensation to any employee in case of injuries acquired at the workplace. An employer would be liable to an employee in cases of sexual harassment. The laws ensure that employees are safe from discrimination, either because of sex, race, association or religion (Bush, p 42). Employers cannot discharge a female employee due to pregnancy because this is considered illegal, and the employer can be sued. Employers cannot also fire their employees because of their race, religious affiliation, age, sexual orientation, disability or nationality. It is also considered illegal for an employer to fire an employee for abiding in the set laws of the state. However, in Florida employees are ‘at will’. This means that they may be fired for any reason as long as it is not illegal. In conclusion, an employee cannot sue the employer if fired for any act that is considered illegal according to the defi nition of that term in Florida state laws (Bush, p