Chemistry investigation Essay

Aim: I am going to carry out an investigation measuring the rate of reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium. The independent variable will be the molar of the hydrochloric acid; I will be diluting it with water to change the concentration. The dependent variable could be one of four things; Temperature change, Mass loss, Gas produced using a burette or gas produced using a gas syringe. The dependent variable of the primary experiment will be decided once I have performed four preliminary experiments each with the different dependent variables. The results of these preliminaries will help me determine which factor is the most accurate to measure. Background Information: As I am planning to investigate the rate of reaction by changing the concentration of the acid I should take into consideration how the reaction is affected by concentration. If there is more of a substance in a system, there is a greater chance that molecules will collide and speed up the rate of the reaction. If there is less of something, there will be fewer collisions and the reaction will probably happen at a slower speed. As you increase the concentration of the acid, there are more acid particles in the same volume. Therefore there is a greater chance of acid particles colliding, and reacting, with particles on the surface area of the magnesium ribbon. Here is an example of how the rate of reaction will increase if the concentration gets higher:image00.png With this in mind it is clear to see that as I decrease the concentrate of the acid by adding water to it I will be decreasing the rate of reaction. There is a positive correlation between the two variables. The experiment equation that will effectively happen is: MAGNESIUM + HYDROCHLORIC ACID — MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE + HYDROGEN Mg + 2HCl —- MgCl2 + H2 Magnesium; Magnesium is a light, silvery-white, and fairly tough metal. It tarnishes slightly in air, and finely divided magnesium readily ignites upon heating in air and burns with a dazzling white flame. Because serious fires can occur, great care should be taken in handling magnesium metal, especially in the finely divided state. Water should not be used on burning magnesium or on magnesium fires. Hydrochloric acid; Hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl). It is a strong acid, the major component of gastric acid, and of wide industrial use. Hydrochloric acid must be handled with appropriate safety precautions because it is a highly corrosive liquid. Hydrogen; when mixed with oxygen across a wide range of proportions, hydrogen explodes upon ignition. Hydrogen burns violently in air. It ignites automatically at a temperature of 560. Another characteristic of hydrogen fires is that the flames tend to ascend rapidly with the gas in air. Magnesium chloride; this is the name for the chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2 (H2O) x. These salts are typical ionic halides, being highly soluble in water. The hydrated magnesium chloride can be extracted from brine or sea water. Anhydrous magnesium chloride is the principal precursor to magnesium metal, which is produced on a large scale. Preliminary experiments: Method: In this preliminary experiment I choose not to alter anything but to observe how the temperature increased within the time of the reaction. I used 10ml of hydrochloric acid and 3cm of magnesium ribbon. I carried out three repeat measurements to gain an idea of what the results would look like if compared. Evaluation of Preliminary Methods Each of the experiments above has limitations that strongly influenced the results. This has given me an idea of what degree of accuracy each method can be measured to and if they are suitable to collect data for the primary experiment. Temperature: Measuring the temperature is a simple way of seeing where the rate of reaction begins, peaks and ends. It is a clear indication to how the magnesium reacts and at what temperature. There are, however, some inaccuracies to the formation of the set up. Some of the thermal energy detected by the thermometer is sometimes transferred into the glass of the conical flask which led to an inaccurate reading. Furthermore the thermometer is slow to respond to the rise in temperature and also only gives reading in whole numbers so slight elevations in heat are difficult to read and thus inaccurate. Mass Loss: Measuring the mass at different points in the experiment provides markers to see how much magnesium and hydrochloric acid has been reacted. The electric scale I used was too sensitive to get a general reading; this affected the results severely. The mass would sometimes increase during the reaction due to a small piece of debris getting onto the scale or because a gust or air; consequentially the results were askew. Gas Produced using a burette: This is a very good way of measuring the rate of reaction. The measurements are clear and can be recorded to a decimal place which makes the results very accurate. There are some limitations, however, to using a burette. When the gas is produced it takes time for the hydrogen to travel along through the tube and up into the burette. This extends the time of the reaction slightly because not all the gas has been collected which the magnesium has been dissolved. Furthermore some amount of hydrogen have escaped the burette and simply floated to the surface of the water not being accounted for. This is a small inaccuracy but can still alter the results. Gas Produced using a gas syringe: This is a very accurate piece of equipment. It does not allow for gas to escape and records the data consistently and with speed. The only limitations in using a gas syringe are that the reading can only be reading in whole numbers and that the syringe sometimes collects water vapour as well. The water vapour, however, can be eliminating by adding an extra conical flask to the tube which collects the vapour as it is slightly cooler. The gas syringe is the most advanced piece of equipment in each of the preliminary methods and also is the most accurate in recording the data. Therefore to calculate the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid my dependent variable will be the gas produced using a gas syringe. Hypothesis: Now that I have determined what I am going to measure and how I can now make my prediction over what I think will be the final outcome of the experiment. Rate of reactions are all based on the collision theory. This states that the more collisions in a system, the more likely combinations of molecules will occur. As a result of this the reaction will accelerate, and the rate of that reaction will increase. The concentration of a substance will raise the number of collisions and thusly speed up the rate of reaction. On this basis I believe that if the molar of the hydrochloric acid is decreased there will be less gas produced and so the rate of reaction will slow. Here is a diagram: image07.png We can see in the figure above that if the molar is halved then there are fewer particles in the water so fewer collisions can happen. The gas produced will therefore be reduced and the overall time of the reaction will decrease. Variables Variable controlled How it is controlled Why it is controlled Concentration of Magnesium By measuring out a 3cm piece of magnesium each time I take a repeat measurement. I am measuring the concentration of the hydrochloric acid not the magnesium. Concentration of Hydrochloric acid I will start with 10ml of hydrochloric acid and replace 2ml of it with water every time I want to reduce the concentration. I want to observe what effect it will have on the rate of reaction. Water Vapour Adding an extra, cooler conical flask to collect the water vapour. I am measuring the gas produced between hydrochloric acid and magnesium; water vapour is not a product. Temperature By putting the flasks in a thermostatically controlled water bath for 5 minutes before each experiment. I am measuring the concentration and do not want the higher temperature to give the particle more energy to collide. Apparatus 500ml conical flasks- To hold the magnesium and hydrochloric acid reaction and to collect the water vapour. Conical flask bung (with hole for tubing) – To allow for gas only to travel through the tubing. Glass tubing- To direct the flow of gas. 100 ml ² gas syringes- To measure the gas produced. Retort stand- To hold the gas syringe. Clamp- This is attached to the retort stand. 50 ml measuring cylinder- To measuring the hydrochloric acid accurately stop-clock- To measure the time of the reaction 10ml of Hydrochloric Acid plus varying amounts of water- To measure the concentration of the acid Magnesium ribbon (3cm per experiment) – To react with the acid. Ruler and scissors – To measure and cut the magnesium ribbon. image08.png Here is a diagram: Other apparatus: image10.pngimage09.pngimage11.png image02.pngimage03.png Obtaining precise and reliable results My experimental design permits me to take very accurate measurement; however, the only fault in its design is that the syringe only measures in whole numbers. This should not pose as a problem because I will take lots of reading to compensate. I will then find the mean of easy set of results so that I can compare them accurately in addition to this I will also take the range of the results which will allow me to observe whether they overlap. The limitations of my other apparatus are common. Although my stop can measure to a 10th of a second my reaction time will be a lot slower then this. The ruler and scissors should also be taken into consideration, measuring and cutting the magnesium could cause some variation. The measuring cylinder also has to be estimated to a rough degree when pouring the hydrochloric acid. All of these small inaccuracies can add up to a large error so I need to be very consistent so each result is rounded to the same degree of accuracy. Risk assessment: during the practical various measures must be taken to ensure the experiment is carried out safely. These measures are; †¢ Always wear safety goggles (at all times) to ensure no chemicals make contact with eyes. †¢ Wear laboratory aprons to ensure there are no spillages onto clothing. †¢ Use a bench mat to stop spillages onto bench †¢ Avoid contact of acid on skin – it is corrosive. If acid does touch skin it must be immediately washed off. †¢ Hydrogen is explosive and so must not be exposed to a naked flame- ensure that Bunsen burners are nowhere near the apparatus during the experiment. †¢ Basic Laboratory Rules i.e. do not run in labs, No food or drink allowed etc. †¢ No concentration of hydrochloric acid greater than 2 molar, anything larger is dangerous.

The Twilight Saga 3: Eclipse Chapter 9. TARGET

ALICE DROPPED ME OFF IN THE MORNING, IN KEEPING with the slumber party charade. It wouldn't be long until Edward showed up, officially returning from his â€Å"hiking† trip. All of the pretenses were starting to wear on me. I wouldn't miss this part of being human. Charlie peeked through the front window when he heard me slam the car door. He waved to Alice, and then went to get the door for me. â€Å"Did you have fun?† Charlie asked. â€Å"Sure, it was great. Very . . . girlie.† I carried my stuff in, dumped it all at the foot of the stairs, and wandered into the kitchen to look for a snack. â€Å"You've got a message,† Charlie called after me. On the kitchen counter, the phone message pad was propped up conspicuously against a saucepan. Jacob called, Charlie had written. He said he didn't mean it, and that he's sorry. He wants you to call him. Be nice and give him a break. He sounded upset. I grimaced. Charlie didn't usually editorialize on my messages. Jacob could just go ahead and be upset. I didn't want to talk to him. Last I'd heard, they weren't big on allowing phone calls from the other side. If Jacob preferred me dead, then maybe he should get used to the silence. My appetite evaporated. I turned an about face and went to put my things away. â€Å"Aren't you going to call Jacob?† Charlie asked. He was leaning around the living room wall, watching me pick up. â€Å"No.† I started up the stairs. â€Å"That's not very attractive behavior, Bella,† he said. â€Å"Forgiveness is divine.† â€Å"Mind your own business,† I muttered under my breath, much too low for him to hear. I knew the laundry was building up, so after I put my toothpaste away and threw my dirty clothes in the hamper, I went to strip Charlie's bed. I left his sheets in a pile at the top of the stairs and went to get mine. I paused beside the bed, cocking my head to the side. Where was my pillow? I turned in a circle, scanning the room. No pillow. I noticed that my room looked oddly tidy. Hadn't my gray sweatshirt been draped over the low bedpost on the footboard? And I would swear there had been a pair of dirty socks behind the rocking chair, along with the red blouse I'd tried on two mornings ago, but decided was too dressy for school, hanging over the arm. . . . I spun around again. My hamper wasn't empty, but it wasn't overflowing, the way I thought it had been. Was Charlie doing laundry? That was out of character. â€Å"Dad, did you start the wash?† I shouted out my door. â€Å"Um, no,† he shouted back, sounding guilty. â€Å"Did you want me to?† â€Å"No, I got it. Were you looking for something in my room?† â€Å"No. Why?† â€Å"I can't find . . . a shirt. . . .† â€Å"I haven't been in there.† And then I remembered that Alice had been here to get my pajamas. I hadn't noticed that she'd borrowed my pillow, too – probably since I'd avoided the bed. It looked like she had cleaned while she was passing through. I blushed for my slovenly ways. But that red shirt really wasn't dirty, so I went to save it from the hamper. I expected to find it near the top, but it wasn't there. I dug through the whole pile and still couldn't find it. I knew I was probably getting paranoid, but it seemed like something else was missing, or maybe more than one something. I didn't even have half a load here. I ripped my sheets off and headed for the laundry closet, grabbing Charlie's on the way. The washing machine was empty. I checked the dryer, too, half-expecting to find a washed load waiting for me, courtesy of Alice. Nothing. I frowned, mystified. â€Å"Did you find what you were looking for?† Charlie yelled. â€Å"Not yet.† I went back upstairs to search under my bed. Nothing but dust bunnies. I started to dig through my dresser. Maybe I'd put the red shirt away and forgotten. I gave up when the doorbell rang. That would be Edward. â€Å"Door,† Charlie informed me from the couch as I skipped past him. â€Å"Don't strain yourself, Dad.† I pulled the door open with a big smile on my face. Edward's golden eyes were wide, his nostrils flared, his lips pulled back over his teeth. â€Å"Edward?† My voice was sharp with shock as I read his expression. â€Å"What -?† He put his finger to my lips. â€Å"Give me two seconds,† he whispered. â€Å"Don't move.† I stood frozen on the doorstep and he . . . disappeared. He moved so quickly that Charlie wouldn't even have seen him pass. Before I could compose myself enough to count to two, he was back. He put his arm around my waist and pulled me swiftly toward the kitchen. His eyes darted around the room, and he held me against his body as if he were shielding me from something. I threw a glance toward Charlie on the couch, but he was studiously ignoring us. â€Å"Someone's been here,† he murmured in my ear after he pulled me to the back of the kitchen. His voice was strained; it was difficult to hear him over the thumping of the washing machine. â€Å"I swear that no werewolves -† I started to say. â€Å"Not one of them,† he interrupted me quickly, shaking his head. â€Å"One of us.† His tone made it clear that he didn't mean a member of his family. I felt the blood empty from my face. â€Å"Victoria?† I choked. â€Å"It's not a scent I recognize.† â€Å"One of the Volturi,† I guessed. â€Å"Probably.† â€Å"When?† â€Å"That's why I think it must have been them – it wasn't long ago, early this morning while Charlie was sleeping. And whoever it was didn't touch him, so there must have been another purpose.† â€Å"Looking for me.† He didn't answer. His body was frozen, a statue. â€Å"What are you two hissing about in here?† Charlie asked suspiciously, rounding the corner with an empty popcorn bowl in his hands. I felt green. A vampire had been in the house looking for me while Charlie slept. Panic overwhelmed me, closed my throat. I couldn't answer, I just stared at him in horror. Charlie's expression changed. Abruptly, he was grinning. â€Å"If you two are having a fight . . . well, don't let me interrupt.† Still grinning, he put his bowl in the sink and sauntered out of the room. â€Å"Let's go,† Edward said in a low hard voice. â€Å"But Charlie!† The fear was squeezing my chest, making it hard to breathe. He deliberated for a short second, and then his phone was in his hand. â€Å"Emmett,† he muttered into the receiver. He began talking so fast that I couldn't understand the words. It was over in half a minute. He started pulling me toward the door. â€Å"Emmett and Jasper are on their way,† he whispered when he felt my resistance. â€Å"They'll sweep the woods. Charlie is fine.† I let him drag me along then, too panicked to think clearly. Charlie met my frightened eyes with a smug grin, which suddenly turned to confusion. Edward had me out the door before Charlie could say anything. â€Å"Where are we going?† I couldn't stop whispering, even after we were in the car. â€Å"We're going to talk to Alice,† he told me, his volume normal but his voice bleak. â€Å"You think maybe she saw something?† He stared at the road through narrowed eyes. â€Å"Maybe.† They were waiting for us, on alert after Edward's call. It was like walking into a museum, everyone still as statues in various poses of stress. â€Å"What happened?† Edward demanded as soon as we were through the door. I was shocked to see that he was glowering at Alice, his hands fisted in anger. Alice stood with her arms folded tight across her chest. Only her lips moved. â€Å"I have no idea. I didn't see anything.† â€Å"How is that possible?† he hissed. â€Å"Edward,† I said, a quiet reproof. I didn't like him talking to Alice this way. Carlisle interrupted in a calming voice. â€Å"It's not an exact science, Edward.† â€Å"He was in her room, Alice. He could have still been there – waiting for her.† â€Å"I would have seen that.† Edward threw his hands up in exasperation. â€Å"Really? You're sure?† Alice's voice was cold when she answered. â€Å"You've already got me watching the Volturis' decisions, watching for Victoria's return, watching Bella's every step. You want to add another? Do I just have to watch Charlie, or Bella's room, or the house, or the whole street, too? Edward, if I try to do too much, things are going to start slipping through the cracks.† â€Å"It looks like they already are,† Edward snapped. â€Å"She was never in any danger. There was nothing to see.† â€Å"If you're watching Italy, why didn't you see them send -â€Å" â€Å"I don't think it's them,† Alice insisted. â€Å"I would have seen that.† â€Å"Who else would leave Charlie alive?† I shuddered. â€Å"I don't know,† Alice said. â€Å"Helpful.† â€Å"Stop it, Edward,† I whispered. He turned on me, his face still livid, his teeth clenched together. He glared at me for half a second, and then, suddenly, he exhaled. His eyes widened and his jaw relaxed. â€Å"You're right, Bella. I'm sorry.† He looked at Alice. â€Å"Forgive me, Alice. I shouldn't be taking this out on you. That was inexcusable.† â€Å"I understand,† Alice assured him. â€Å"I'm not happy about it, either.† Edward took a deep breath. â€Å"Okay, let's look at this logically. What are the possibilities?† Everyone seemed to thaw out at once. Alice relaxed and leaned against the back of the couch. Carlisle walked slowly toward her, his eyes far away. Esme sat on the sofa in front of Alice, curling her legs up on the seat. Only Rosalie remained unmoving, her back to us, staring out the glass wall. Edward pulled me to the sofa and I sat next to Esme, who shifted to put her arm around me. He held one of my hands tightly in both of his. â€Å"Victoria?† Carlisle asked. Edward shook his head. â€Å"No. I didn't know the scent. He might have been from the Volturi, someone I've never met. . . .† Alice shook her head. â€Å"Aro hasn't asked anyone to look for her yet. I will see that. I'm waiting for it.† Edward's head snapped up. â€Å"You're watching for an official command.† â€Å"You think someone's acting on their own? Why?† â€Å"Caius's idea,† Edward suggested, his face tightening again. â€Å"Or Jane's . . . ,† Alice said. â€Å"They both have the resources to send an unfamiliar face. . . .† Edward scowled. â€Å"And the motivation.† â€Å"It doesn't make sense, though,† Esme said. â€Å"If whoever it was meant to wait for Bella, Alice would have seen that. He – or she – had no intention of hurting Bella. Or Charlie, for that matter.† I cringed at my father's name. â€Å"It's going to be fine, Bella,† Esme murmured, smoothing my hair. â€Å"But what was the point then?† Carlisle mused. â€Å"Checking to see if I'm still human?† I guessed. â€Å"Possible,† Carlisle said. Rosalie breathed out a sigh, loud enough for me to hear. She'd unfrozen, and her face was turned expectantly toward the kitchen. Edward, on the other hand, looked discouraged. Emmett burst through the kitchen door, Jasper right behind him. â€Å"Long gone, hours ago,† Emmett announced, disappointed. â€Å"The trail went East, then South, and disappeared on a side road. Had a car waiting.† â€Å"That's bad luck,† Edward muttered. â€Å"If he'd gone west . . . well, it would be nice for those dogs to make themselves useful.† I winced, and Esme rubbed my shoulder. Jasper looked at Carlisle. â€Å"Neither of us recognized him. But here.† He held out something green and crumpled. Carlisle took it from him and held it to his face. I saw, as it exchanged hands, that it was a broken fern frond. â€Å"Maybe you know the scent.† â€Å"No,† Carlisle said. â€Å"Not familiar. No one I've ever met.† â€Å"Perhaps we're looking at this the wrong way. Maybe it's a coincidence . . . ,† Esme began, but stopped when she saw everyone else's incredulous expressions. â€Å"I don't mean a coincidence that a stranger happened to pick Bella's house to visit at random. I meant that maybe someone was just curious. Our scent is all around her. Was he wondering what draws us there?† â€Å"Why wouldn't he just come here then? If he was curious?† Emmett demanded. â€Å"You would,† Esme said with a sudden, fond smile. â€Å"The rest of us aren't always so direct. Our family is very large – he or she might be frightened. But Charlie wasn't harmed. This doesn't have to be an enemy.† Just curious. Like James and Victoria had been curious, in the beginning? The thought of Victoria made me tremble, though the one thing they seemed certain of was that it had not been her. Not this time. She would stick to her obsessed pattern. This was just someone else, a stranger. I was slowly realizing that vampires were much bigger participants in this world than I'd once thought. How many times did the average human cross paths with them, completely unaware? How many deaths, obliviously reported as crimes and accidents, were really due to their thirst? How crowded would this new world be when I finally joined it? The shrouded future sent a shiver down my spine. The Cullens pondered Esme's words with varying expressions. I could see that Edward did not accept her theory, and that Carlisle very much wanted to. Alice pursed her lips. â€Å"I don't think so. The timing of it was too perfect. . . . This visitor was so careful to make no contact. Almost like he or she knew that I would see. . . .† â€Å"He could have other reasons for not making contact,† Esme reminded her. â€Å"Does it really matter who it was?† I asked. â€Å"Just the chance that someone was looking for me . . . isn't that reason enough? We shouldn't wait for graduation.† â€Å"No, Bella,† Edward said quickly. â€Å"It's not that bad. If you're really in danger, we'll know.† â€Å"Think of Charlie,† Carlisle reminded me. â€Å"Think of how it would hurt him if you disappeared.† â€Å"I am thinking of Charlie! He's the one I'm worried about! What if my little guest had happened to be thirsty last night? As long as I'm around Charlie, he's a target, too. If anything happened to him, it would be all myfault!† â€Å"Hardly, Bella,† Esme said, patting my hair again. â€Å"And nothing will happen to Charlie. We're just going to have to be more careful.† â€Å"More careful?† I repeated in disbelief. â€Å"It's all going to be fine, Bella,† Alice promised; Edward squeezed my hand. And I could see, looking at all of their beautiful faces one by one, that nothing I could say was going to change their minds. It was a quiet ride home. I was frustrated. Against my better judgment, I was still human. â€Å"You won't be alone for a second,† Edward promised as he drove me to Charlie's. â€Å"Someone will always be there. Emmett, Alice, Jasper . . .† I sighed. â€Å"This is ridiculous. They'll get so bored, they'll have to kill me themselves, just for something to do.† Edward gave me a sour look. â€Å"Hilarious, Bella.† Charlie was in a good mood when we got back. He could see the tension between me and Edward, and he was misinterpreting it. He watched me throw together his dinner with a smug smile on his face. Edward had excused himself for a moment, to do some surveillance, I assumed, but Charlie waited till he was back to pass on my messages. â€Å"Jacob called again,† Charlie said as soon as Edward was in the room. I kept my face empty as I set the plate in front of him. â€Å"Is that a fact?† Charlie frowned. â€Å"Don't be petty, Bella. He sounded really low.† â€Å"Is Jacob paying you for all the P.R., or are you a volunteer?† Charlie grumbled incoherently at me until the food cut off his garbled complaint. Though he didn't realize it, he'd found his mark. My life was feeling a lot like a game of dice right now – would the next roll come up snake eyes? What if something did happen to me? It seemed worse than petty to leave Jacob feeling guilty about what he'd said. But I didn't want to talk to him with Charlie around, to have to watch my every word so I didn't let the wrong thing slip. Thinking about this made me jealous of Jacob and Billy's relationship. How easy it must be when you had no secrets from the person you lived with. So I would wait for the morning. I most likely wasn't going to die tonight, after all, and it wouldn't hurt him to feel guilty for twelve more hours. It might even be good for him. When Edward officially left for the evening, I wondered who was out in the downpour, keeping an eye on Charlie and me. I felt awful for Alice or whoever else it might be, but still comforted. I had to admit it was nice, knowing I wasn't alone. And Edward was back in record time. He sang me to sleep again and – aware even in unconsciousness that he was there – I slept free of nightmares. In the morning, Charlie left to go fishing with Deputy Mark before I was up. I decided to use this lack of supervision to be divine. â€Å"I'm going to let Jacob off the hook,† I warned Edward after I'd eaten breakfast. â€Å"I knew you'd forgive him,† he said with an easy smile. â€Å"Holding grudges is not one of your many talents.† I rolled my eyes, but I was pleased. It seemed like Edward really was over the whole anti-werewolf thing. I didn't look at the clock until after I'd dialed. It was a little early for calls, and I worried that I would wake Billy and Jake, but someone picked up before the second ring, so he couldn't have been too far from the phone. â€Å"Hello?† a dull voice said. â€Å"Jacob?† â€Å"Bella!† he exclaimed. â€Å"Oh, Bella, I'm so sorry!† he tripped over the words as he hurried to get them out. â€Å"I swear I didn't mean it. I was just being stupid. I was angry – but that's no excuse. It was the stupidest thing I've ever said in my life and I'm sorry. Don't be mad at me, please? Please. Lifetime of servitude up for grabs – all you have to do is forgive me.† â€Å"I'm not mad. You're forgiven.† â€Å"Thank you,† he breathed fervently. â€Å"I can't believe I was such a jerk.† â€Å"Don't worry about that – I'm used to it.† He laughed, exuberant with relief. â€Å"Come down to see me,† he begged. â€Å"I want to make it up to you.† I frowned. â€Å"How?† â€Å"Anything you want. Cliff diving,† he suggested, laughing again. â€Å"Oh, there's a brilliant idea.† â€Å"I'll keep you safe,† he promised. â€Å"No matter what you want to do.† I glanced at Edward. His face was very calm, but I was sure this was not the time. â€Å"Not right now.† â€Å"He's not thrilled with me, is he?† Jacob's voice was ashamed, rather than bitter, for once. â€Å"That's not the problem. There's . . . well, there's this other problem that's slightly more worrisome than a bratty teenage werewolf. . . .† I tried to keep my tone joking, but I didn't fool him. â€Å"What's wrong?† he demanded. â€Å"Um.† I wasn't sure what I should tell him. Edward held his hand out for the phone. I looked at his face carefully. He seemed calm enough. â€Å"Bella?† Jacob asked. Edward sighed, holding his hand closer. â€Å"Do you mind speaking to Edward?† I asked apprehensively. â€Å"He wants to talk to you.† There was a long pause. â€Å"Okay,† Jacob finally agreed. â€Å"This should be interesting.† I handed the phone to Edward; I hoped he could read the warning in my eyes. â€Å"Hello, Jacob,† Edward said, perfectly polite. There was a silence. I bit my lip, trying to guess how Jacob would answer. â€Å"Someone was here – not a scent I know,† Edward explained. â€Å"Has your pack come across anything new?† Another pause, while Edward nodded to himself, unsurprised. â€Å"Here's the crux, Jacob. I won't be letting Bella out of my sight till I get this taken care of. It's nothing personal -â€Å" Jacob interrupted him then, and I could hear the buzz of his voice from the receiver. Whatever he was saying, he was more intense than before. I tried unsuccessfully to make out the words. â€Å"You might be right -,† Edward began, but Jacob was arguing again. Neither of them sounded angry, at least. â€Å"That's an interesting suggestion. We're quite willing to renegotiate. If Sam is amenable.† Jacob's voice was quieter now. I started chewing on my thumbnail as I tried to read Edward's expression. â€Å"Thank you,† Edward replied. Then Jacob said something that caused a surprised expression to flicker across Edward's face. â€Å"I'd planned to go alone, actually,† Edward said, answering the unexpected question. â€Å"And leave her with the others.† Jacob's voice rose in pitch, and it sounded to me like he was trying to be persuasive. â€Å"I'll try to consider it objectively,† Edward promised. â€Å"As objectively as I'm capable of.† The pause was shorter this time. â€Å"That's not a half-bad idea. When? . . . No, that's fine. I'd like a chance to follow the trail personally, anyway. Ten minutes . . . Certainly,† Edward said. He held the phone out to me. â€Å"Bella?† I took it slowly, feeling confused. â€Å"What was that all about?† I asked Jacob, my voice peeved. I knew it was juvenile, but I felt excluded. â€Å"A truce, I think. Hey, do me a favor,† Jacob suggested. â€Å"Try to convince your bloodsucker that the safest place for you to be – especially when he leaves – is on the reservation. We're well able to handle anything.† â€Å"Is that what you were trying to sell him?† â€Å"Yes. It makes sense. Charlie's probably better off here, too. As much as possible.† â€Å"Get Billy on it,† I agreed. I hated that I was putting Charlie within the range of the crosshairs that always seemed to be centered on me. â€Å"What else?† â€Å"Just rearranging some boundaries, so we can catch anyone who gets too near Forks. I'm not sure if Sam will go for it, but until he comes around, I'll keep an eye on things.† â€Å"What do you mean by ‘keep an eye on things'?† â€Å"I mean that if you see a wolf running around your house, don't shoot at it.† â€Å"Of course not. You really shouldn't do anything . . . risky, though.† He snorted. â€Å"Don't be stupid. I can take care of myself.† I sighed. â€Å"I also tried to convince him to let you visit. He's prejudiced, so don't let him give you any crap about safety. He knows as well as I do that you'd be safe here.† â€Å"I'll keep that in mind.† â€Å"See you in a few,† Jacob said. â€Å"You're coming up?† â€Å"Yeah. I'm going to get the scent of your visitor so we can track him if he comes back.† â€Å"Jake, I really don't like the idea of you tracking -â€Å" â€Å"Oh please, Bella,† he interrupted. Jacob laughed, and then hung up.

Bibliography- Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bibliography- - Essay Example The Geneva Conventions basically constitutes of international humanitarian regulations that seek to control the behavior of soldiers during armed conflict. Durham, Helen.  The Changing Face of Conflict and the Efficacy of International Humanitarian Law. The Hague u.a: Nijhoff, 1999. Print. Why did it come about? During the First and Second World Wars, prisoners from different nations across Europe were taken captive and brutally mistreated. The Second World War is perceived by most to be the worst war in history in terms of civilian casualties. The fact that so many innocent people in so many nations suffered from unspeakable brutalities inspired the proposals concerning respecting human dignity in the Geneva Convention. The source describes the fact that many countries were concerned about the cruelty meted out on defenseless men as well as civilians and began looking for ways in which they could maintain basic human dignity even in times of war (Durham 34). The Geneva Convention was the result of joint musings between nations on the right way to address violations of human rights that were common during war time. What is its purpose? Focarelii, Carlo. â€Å"Common Article 1 of the1949 Geneva Conventions: A Soap Bubble?† The European Journal of International Law 21.1 (2010): 136 The Geneva Convention binds all the states that signed it to a pledge that states that all civilians as well as prisoners of war captured in their nations in times of conflict shall be treated humanely. The source describes the Geneva principles as regarding the maintenance of the sanctity of human life were immediately accepted by the attending nations (Focarelli 136). This agreement essentially allowed the nations that signed it to pledge their agreement to ensuring that civilians as well as prisoners of war in any future conflicts would have their basic human rights respected. There were further endorsements by more than one hundred nations during the 1950’s and 60â €™s. The disintegration of the USSR during the early 90s would bring additional ratifications. The source further states that it is vital for all nations to understand the different policies that they have to ratify in order to implement the policies that were agreed upon during the Geneva Convention in 1949 (Focarelii 136). In the Geneva Convention, the member nations basically swore to maintain the prisoners of other nations in the best circumstances possible. To this day, it is basically this pledge of both negative and positive reciprocity that upholds the significance of the Convention. Have all nations upheld the Geneva Convention? Bennet, Angela. The Geneva Convention: The Hidden Origins of the Red Cross. London: Sutton Publishing Ltd, 2005. Not all nations have maintained this promise, but most nations actively work towards ensuring that they follow all the statues of the Geneva Convention. Apart from seeking to maintain human dignity, the convention also introduced equa lity in the treatment of different peoples. The source affirms that in the Second World War, American prisoners captured by Germans were often treated better than those of the USSR (Bennet 124). This trend was quite common in

Importance of Institutional Investors for Financial Markets Essay - 2

Importance of Institutional Investors for Financial Markets - Essay Example By 2005, institutional investors contributed 65% of the equity of firms listed in New York Stock Exchange. The importance of institutional investors in the financial market is that they enhance reduced information asymmetry, promote quality corporate governance, improve liquidity, and increase share prices and value in the financial markets (Sias et al, 2006). Institutional investors act as intermediaries in the financial market (Chen et al, 2007). They intermediate between lenders and borrowers, just like banks. They have a significant function in financial markets because they provide economies of scale by increasing returns on investment and reducing costs of capital for business firms (Chen et al, 2007). They pool savings from lenders and give the money to companies who act as borrowers, enhancing smooth operations between borrowers and lenders in the financial markets. They also encourage diversification by pooling savings from many investors (Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt and Levine, 1996). They also play a crucial role in reducing agency costs by monitoring corporate behavior and selecting the profiles of investors. Institutional investors play a big role in the financial markets as highly specialized investors who invest on behalf of others (Chen et al, 2007). A retail investor with a few earnings may not have enough money to purchase a sub stantial amount of securities. Institutional investors may pool funds from many of such individuals and purchase securities on their behalf (Chen et al, 2007). For example, an employee may have a pension plan with his employer. The employer then uses that person’s pension as an investment in a fund, which then buys shares or any other financial product from a company trading in the financial market. These funds hold a broad portfolio of investments in several companies.

Rational Choice Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rational Choice Theory - Essay Example The natural reaction of many economists to criticisms about assumptions is to quote a famous paper by Friedman (1953, pp. 14-15): If a theory can be stated to make assumptions, and in so far as their â€Å"realism† can be evaluated independently of the validity of predictions, the relation between the significance of a theory and the â€Å"realism† of its assumptions is almost the opposite of that suggested by the view under criticism. Truly important and significant hypotheses will be found to have wildly inaccurate descriptive representations of reality, and, in general, the more significant the theory, the more unrealistic the assumptions (in this sense). The reason is simple. A hypothesis is important if it â€Å"explains† much by little, that is, if it abstracts the common and crucial elements from the mass of complex and detailed circumstances surrounding the phenomena to be explained and permits valid predictions on the basis of them alone. To be important , therefore, a hypothesis must be descriptively false in its assumptions; it takes account of, and accounts for, none of the many other attendant circumstances, since its very success shows them to be irrelevant for the phenomena to be explained. To put this point less paradoxically, the relevant question to ask about the â€Å"assumptions† of a theory is not whether they are descriptively â€Å"realistic,† for they never are, but whether they are sufficiently good approximations for the purpose in hand. And this question can be answered only be seeing whether the theory works, which means whether it yields sufficiently accurate predictions. The two supposedly independent tests thus reduce to one test. Friedman therefore maintains that the only valid criticisms of a theory are empirical criticisms. Samuelson (1963) responds to this idea with the following example: ... what I and other readers believe is his [Friedman’s] new twist – which from now on I sha ll call the â€Å"F-twist† ... is the following: A theory is vindicable if (some of) its consequences are empirically valid to a useful degree of approximation; the (empirical) unrealism of the theory â€Å"itself,† or of its â€Å"assumptions,† is quite irrelevant to its validity and worth. ... ... the nonpositivistic Milton Friedman has a strong effective demand which a valid F-twist brand of positivism could supply. The motivation for the F-twist, critics say, is to help the case for (1) the perfectly competitive laissez faire model of economics, which has been under continuous attack from outside the profession for a century and from within since the monopolistic competition revolution of thirty years past; and (2), but of lesser moment, the â€Å"maximization of profit† hypothesis, that mixture of truism, truth, and untruth. If Dr. Friedman tells us this was not so; if his psychoanalyst assures us his testimony in this case is not vitiated by subcons cious motivations; even if Maxwell’s Demon and a Jury in Heaven concur – still it would seem a fair use of the F-Twist itself to say: â€Å"Our theory about the origin and purpose of the F-twist may be ‘unrealistic’ (a euphemism for ‘empirically dead wrong’), but what of that. The consequence of our theory agrees with the fact that Chicagoans use the

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 11

Essay Example Not especially the nature of brands and how consumers perceive them. With the combined efforts of the academe and the corporate world, the art of creating Brand Equity has been greatly helped, almost to the point of evolving a specific science for marketing success, or so it seems. This report will attempt to summarize the points articulated on the Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller’s definitive reference text â€Å"Marketing Management (13th edition)†, specifically on the chapter of Building Strong Brands. This discourse will venture into the basic elements of a brand from the perspective of the brand â€Å"owner or author†; the nature of the benefits which brands are supposed to provide; observations on how marketing outcomes are determined by the consumers perception of the brand (brand equity) and how they are arrived at; how a brand’s value can be assessed and quantified; an analysis of branding strategies through the cases provided in the text, and the role of different brands in an established brand â€Å"architecture† (brand portfolio) and how consumer responses can be similarly assessed so as to provide a measure of confidence that a brand can expect from its prospective patrons (consumer equity). We can do well to use the American Marketing Association’s definition of a brand as a jumping board for analyzing the concept of Brand Equity. AMA stipulates that brands consists of a â€Å"name, term, symbol or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors.† (Kotler and Keller 276) Further, this system for identifying products (or services for that matter) maybe designed so as to represent a tangible, functional or rational attribute relating to a product’s performance or any intangible associations such as those that are implied symbolically

Sx-wk11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sx-wk11 - Essay Example EFT has nine steps that couples are led through and each one builds upon the other. There needs to be more multicultural research in this area to find out how EFT will work with a variety of couples. All of these challenges will prevent a couple from having a satisfying, enriching and intimate sexual relationship. As Humphrey (2007) stated, couples who are attached securely to themselves and other people will be better able to commit to each other within their couple relationship. Personally, I felt that attachment theory is very relevant to all types of relationships because people have to understand how to get close with each other if they want to move into sexual relationships. I think that attachments start by becoming friends and learning about each other. As the relationship progresses, if both individuals have formed secure attachments in their earlier relationships, a sexual relationship will happen easily and when it is time. Older people have always been an interesting aspect of my interest. Generally, they seem to be very active and very much alive. I have seen many elderly people who are still very active sexually. I think that although they may have physical problems, they do not have to stop living their lives. I agree that we need to "develop effective and safe treatments for these sexual problems". One of the challenges with this I believe is that there are many stereotyped ideas that people have regarding how people are when they are older. Many facilities that have older people will deny that they are sexually active; in fact, many discourage this activity. However, people in close quarters do fall in love just like anyone else and they should be allowed to have sex naturally in the way they would if they were living at home. I agree that mental healthcare professionals and healthcare personnel should make

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Paper 2 - Essay Example In his graphic novel Maus (1991), Spiegelman records history from an interview he conducted with his father Vladek. Vladek was a holocaust survivor who lived in New York, and he related his experiences that Spiegelman translated into a graphic novel. In this graphic story, the holocaust is comically depicted with Jews as Mice, the Poles as Pigs, Germans as Cats, French as Frogs, and Americans as Dogs (Wood 83). Through illustrations, the reader is compelled to make an action in his mind and by doing this; the author touches on soft underbellies that most texts would not dare to through non pictorial means (Ewert 82). The author has given a fresh understanding of holocaust in this novel. In Palestine, Sacco gives a graphical representation of the consequences of the first intifada in the holy land of Israel/Palestine. In this graphic novel, the author takes the audience through various refugee camps and towns in Palestine in a bid to gather stories, pictures and other relevant informa tion. The book has interesting illustrations and written texts that convey various themes throughout the pictured pages. The two graphic novels have given an interesting revelation about the cultural and political state in their settings. For example, Maus (1991) was written with a cultural touch and especially when it masks the low cultural status of comical works in the English speaking world where the word ‘comic’ was not taken seriously. Moreover, the novel has been used as a cultural tool in most states. For example, the author of the novel went against the cultural expectations of fascism and accepted his book to be published in South Africa in opposition of apartheid regime (Wood 85). This is because the book is culturally revolutionary and advocates for human rights to be upheld by the ruling regimes. Likewise, Sacco’s Palestine is a work that centers on violence, brutality, and torture as forms of

Banking Regulation and Risk Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Banking Regulation and Risk - Coursework Example The debit and credit cards are also offered to the customers depending on the kind of services they need from the institutions. Finance is a crucial sector in the field of financing which is the funding to the customers in order for them to be successful in life. It is also logic that the customers need techniques for them to manage their financial activities. When I say about banking, it is the financial institutions that are working on different kinds of business. For one to understand the challenges and risks of banking, it is good to understand the types of business involved in the banking system. This depends on the type of banks running the business whereby some banks carry out different functions depending on the size of the bank. Some banks are large and offer a large number of services to the customers which have complex functions that are more specialized. It is not all the banks that have same financial activities and functions but they vary depending on the kind of services the customers need. Banking is usually divided in the following types; It is a bank that deals with the maintenance of the country’s economy. Without the central bank the country can not have a stable economy. The banks normally deal with the circulation of the buying and selling currencies in the country and it controls the interest rates of the amounts. The bank also acts as the last resort lender to other banks when they face trouble. It is a bank that is separate from other banks in the country. Retail banks are the banks at the streets where many people in the country access the banks. The banks collect deposits from the customers and give saving facilities to them and they pay interests on the accounts. The banks also lend the customers with money and charge them a certain amount of interest depending on the rates. the banks also provide other services to the customers. This are banks that have

Partnerships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Partnerships - Essay Example opriate information may indicate that it is better for the organization to adapt ways that would eliminate any existing limitations instead of remaining independent. This brings the idea of partnership. In addition, an organization can empower its employees through sharing information with them. This would help the employees in making the most appropriate decisions concerning partnerships since they have adequate information beforehand. Moreover, empowerment through creation of clear goals as well as objectives would aid in empowering the employees to make goal-oriented decisions. For instance, the employees might suggest establishment of partnerships as the main way of realizing specific goals as they are well informed on the goals of the organization. Furthermore, creating an environment that encourages making mistakes through taking risks would also be helpful in establishment of partnerships. This would encourage the employees to try new things with the customers and encourage ot hers to do the same. However, berating an individual for trying something would keep others from doing the same and hamper creativity and development in the organization. From an experience perspective, my employer does not punish or even yell at us, the employees, for having introduced a customer to a new idea and asking them to try it. Instead, my employer encourages us to continue trying new things and rewards those successful in developing new ideas. This has extended to the point that risk taking is a competitive advantage that our organization uses to compete in the

Managerial Communications Essay Example for Free

Managerial Communications Essay Hynes introduces a calculated approach to managerial communication by dissecting it into three separate, yet mutually dependent functions. Hynes believes that with these approaches, management and employees alike can learn to adapt to one another to create an effective work force. The first layer is based on the idea that an employer and his employees can create a positive work atmosphere with the communication climate they set with one another. If a manager and his employees have an open and trusting relationship, it makes communications much easier for the both of them, regardless of their status. By allowing employees to contribute their thoughts and opinions without the fear of backlash, managers will see better job performance within their workers. Employers can often create an open communication climate through regular team building meetings and workshops. Communication climate also challenges managers to do their part by listening to their employees’ feedback. In order for effective communication to occur, an employee should feel comfortable in their work atmosphere and fully believe that their manager will take their words into deep consideration. Founder and President of Pillar Consulting LLC , Joelle K. Jay, PhD states, â€Å"On a personal level, people feel acknowledged when others validate their feelings. Managers who ignore feelings can create distance between themselves and their employees, eroding the relationship and ultimately affecting the working environment (Jay, â€Å"Communicate Well: Five Strategies To Enhance Your Managerial Communication Skills†). † From that statement, managers must also learn the boundaries within successful communication. In Hynes’ text, he also states that, â€Å"a positive climate is fragile†¦after only one or two critical errors, a positive environment can quickly change to one of distrust and closed communication, making future communication more difficult† (28). Managers must also learn to face the challenges of workers who become too comfortable in their environment. For example, Manager A and his Employee B, may have a friendly and casual relationship—one in which they may feel so comfortable that they talk about their personal and/or family business with one another. This is good in the sense that Employee B learns to trust Manager A and feels he can chat comfortably about his feelings toward his job. Now, if Employee A begins to feel so comfortable that Manager A is finding consistent errors within Employee B’s work, it is only right for Manager A to step in and confront him about the matter. Depending upon the choice of words used by Manager A and how Employee B feels about the situation, it can change the communication climate. One bad meeting can leave Employee B feeling angry with Manager A. He may no longer wish to have such a friendly demeanor towards him in the future. This can cause a strain on their communication with each other in the future. Another way to open a communication climate is through organizational culture. In an age of such advanced technology, many businesses no longer feel the need to speak to a person directly, either face-to-face or over the phone. The use of email has become a strong tool in business as it allows users to speak to each other without having to schedule a set time for both parties to meet only to say a few words. From the previous example, Manager A may be in a business that is highly dependent on email to speak to his employees in order to give clear, direct orders. Employee B may have previously come from an organization where meeting face-to-face was the ideal way to speak to anyone—management or employees alike. If Manager A decided it would be easier to email Employee B of the mistakes that he’s been making, Employee B may take that as a sign of disrespect. Employee B may not understand the tone that Manager A is reflecting in the email, leaving Employee B with the notion that Manager A couldn’t take time out of his schedule to speak with him directly. Their different perspectives of organizational culture could cause their gap in communication to widen tremendously. Organizational culture can help managers to better understand Hynes’ second layer in his approach to strategic communication. As the sender, Manager A’s personal characteristics can greatly affect the way he communicates with his employees. Before speaking with Employee B about his mistakes, Manager A must first reflect on what he will say to Employee B and how he will say it to him. Efficient communication can be the determining factor for communications in the future. While an employee only has to adjust his communication for his manager, a manager will need to find a way to relay his message to each employee in the most comfortable and appropriate manner they deem fit. The manager must constantly adjust this speech for each person that he meets with to ensure a satisfactory outcome. Though employees must mainly focus on how to communicate with management, there are various factors they must also take into consideration. How an employee takes in what an authority figure is saying to them greatly depends on their closeness with management, how they feel about the subject, concern for the subject, their current mindset, and their differences in position. As a receiver, an employee can choose how to accept a message being given to them by their employer. In the previous example between Manager A and Employee B, it was said that Manager A would have to speak with Employee B about the mistakes he’s been making in his work. Since both parties already have a close relationship, Employee B will be more open to hearing what Manager A has to say. Employee B may have had a bad morning and doesn’t want to talk to anyone, let alone hear what Manager A has to say about his errors. By having a platonic relationship with his employee, Manager A is at an advantage because Employee B will respect him for their friendship. Employee B will be more willing to take Manager A’s words into consideration and change his future actions. Managers must also be mindful of the language they use when speaking with their employees. If they are knowingly using jargon that their employee will not understand, communicating properly will be a difficult task. Not all conversations between employers and employees are ones that criticize their work. Before speaking to their employees, whether in a group setting or a one-on-one conference, a manager must first carefully examine the topic. He must verify that the subject matter would be something that is beneficial to the work force, or something that is unnecessary to building the work morale. In Hynes’ third layer, it is learned that in order to measure how successful a communication approach is, managers must also consider how to get their message across to their employees. As stated before, Manager A may want to email Employee B on the subject of his work. Before doing so, Manager A must fully analyze the words he will be saying to Employee B and recognize if the matter is something that may be better said in person. Also, in Employee B’s organizational culture, he may not be acclimated to receiving the critique of his work in writing. By speaking to Employee B personally, Manager A has the chance to show him that he respects him by meeting him face-to-face. To ensure a message is clearly stated to employees, managers must also take the necessary steps to find a comfortable place and time for them to meet. If the place of employment is one that deals with much noise such as a construction site, managers should take his directed employees to a comfortable place away from many outside distractions. Managers must also consider the amount of time it may take to speak to his workers. On a construction site, more time wasted can also lead to more money wasted. Managers must carefully plan their speech in an amount of time that does not interfere with the actual workload. By using these tactics laid out by Geraldine E. Hynes, managers can begin to set up their own communication strategies to ensure future success. Managers can compare and use these strategies as a baseline to communicating efficiently.

Operating system Essay Example for Free

Operating system Essay As an American multinational corporation, Microsoft is regarded as the largest software maker measured by revenue in the software market. However, because Microsoft play an apparently dominate role in the market, more and more people argue that Microsoft have made damage on consumers’ profit through some marketing methods. As we know, Microsoft has been accused of being a monopolist by the antitrust department in US and Europe for almost over ten years. â€Å"Microsoft possesses (and for several years has possessed) monopoly power in the market for personal computer operating systems† the Justice Department declared blatantly in 1988. This paper will examine and analysis the reason why Microsoft is a monopoly, welfare implications as a monopoly and whether the government regulations is successful. Microsoft Corporation products a wide range of products relate to computing. If Microsoft products are divided into five parts, they are Windows, Office, Business solutions, Developers IT pros and some other products like Windows phones, Internet explorer. From now, Microsoft plays a dominate role both in PC operating system and office suite system. According to the annual report of Microsoft in 2012, â€Å"over 50% of enterprise desktops PCs run Windows 7 and Office is now installed on over 1 billion PCs† is reported. This large company own approximately 94,000 employees and the revenue in 2012 by June 30 is 73,723 million. Why the Microsoft cooperation is a monopoly? â€Å"Microsoft monopoly is self evident if Justice Department’s lawyers are to be believed†, as demonstrated by McKenzie Richard B and Shughart II William F (1998). As the largest software company, produces products which is popular with people, there is no doubt that Microsoft is a significant enemy to other companies who produce the similar products. Even though there are more and more companies can become strong competitor like Apple Mac and Linux which are superior to Windows system in some areas ,the percentage they make up can not be compared with Microsoft, Microsoft still play a dominate role in the market. A monopolist is defined as a monopoly occurs when the output of an entire industry is produced and sold by a single firm. (Microeconomics, Christopher T. S. Regan Richard G. Lipsey p218). As we know, Bill Gates has made his Windows operating system become almost the only access to Internet. Moreover, Microsoft was being accused of three specific charges about Microsoft’s illegal behaviors by Justice Department on May 5. The first one is the agreements contract draw up by Microsoft. For example, Microsoft force consumers use their other products when they are using windows systems like when users use windows system; they are required to install Internet Explorer. The second one is the exclusionary contracts which mean that Microsoft try to prevent other products from competitors and potential competitors used and developed by other companies. The last one is that those exclusionary contracts attribute to curbing the competitor’s right of supporting their products and services. Those accuses of Microsoft reflect Microsoft is using its ubiquitous marketing power to squash their competitors and break the market balance. As a monopolist, it controls price of products. Sales can increased only if price is reduced, and price can be increased only if sales are reduced. For quantity of outputs, it is determined by marginal cost and marginal revenue. When marginal cost equals marginal revenue and the price is larger than marginal cost, the profit of Microsoft is maximizing. (Regan Christopher, 1982, Microeconomics-12th edition) If the good and service were delivered in a perfectly competitive market, consumer surplus will increase and producer surplus will decrease. A perfectly competitive industry produces a level of output that the price equals marginal cost; while a monopolist produces a lower level of output and price exceed marginal cost. What’s more, each firm in perfectly competitive market has a horizontal demand curve and the supply curve is the horizontal sum of many marginal cost revenues. the price in a competitive is smaller than in a monopoly because the demand curve is below the marginal revenue curve. Consequently, consumer surplus increase and producer surplus decrease. If the government regulates Microsoft effetely, the prices of Microsoft products will decrease. As we can see from the graph, when prices decrease, quantities increase, consumer surplus increase, producer surplus decrease, deadweight loss decrease. Thus, economic welfare increases. Since the government makes some measures to curb the development of monopolists, monopolists’ marketing power may more or less is influenced. For instance, after the most famous monopoly company-John D. Rockefeller’s standard Oil Trust, the company was broken up in the 19th. Similarily, the Justice Department continually sue monopolists or near monopolists like ATT and IBM, including Microsoft. After Microsoft was accused by European antitrust institution in 2004, the normal Microsoft market was being disturbed. Microsoft had to separate windows media player from windows system when sell their products. Even though the antitrust accuse has influences on the marketing of Microsoft, the revenue of Microsoft is not influenced by the charges after 2011. According to the annual report of 2004 and 2005, the revenue change from $759 in 2004 to $803 in 2005. The statistic prove that the power of Microsoft can never be ignored in computer market. However, the antitrust can not be said it does not influence Microsoft. After being accused, Microsoft regards the possible break up of the company as a serious threat. At the same time, Apple becomes more and more popular in computer marketing as a tremendous competitor. â€Å"Bring an antitrust suit against Microsoft. A government suit would have an immediate, positive effect on other software companies by causing Microsoft to become more cautious and self-controlling just as IBM did in the 1970s† ,suggested by Goetz, Martin A in Jun 19,1995. The government should continue exerting pressure on Microsoft and let Microsoft adjust itself. Furthermore, the government should also require Microsoft operating its market with separate sections to decrease its marketing power. For example, Microsoft should operate its Network Service Division as a separate section rather operating with other products and continue monitoring weather Microsoft force consumers install other products like media player and Internet Explore when they use Microsoft system. Lastly, the software market is changeable compared with other markets. The technique is changing every day; it is difficult for a company dominating the whole market for a long term. Microsoft can not guarantee their products can always be popular with consumers. The government should strengthen the force on Microsoft market and let Microsoft self-regulating. References Microsoft annual report of 2012: http://view. officeapps. live. com/op/view. aspx? src=http://www. microsoft. com/investor/reports/ar12/docs/2012_Annual_Report. docx McKenzie Richard B Shughart II William F (1998), Is Microsoft a monopolist? http://web. ebscohost. com/ehost/detail?vid=13hid=13sid=cb822f92-5712-487e-91af-94eea12c3fb3%40sessionmgr11bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=aphAN=1190614 Regan Christopher (1982), Microeconomics-12th edition. HarperCollins Publishers P218, P222 Microsoft annual report of 2004 and 2005 http://www. microsoft. com/investor/reports/ar05/staticversion/10k_dl_dow. html http://www. microsoft. com/investor/reports/ar04/nonflash/10k_dl_main. html Goetz, Martin A (Jun 19, 1995), Is Microsoft out of control? The government has to stop Microsoft now http://search. proquest. com/docview/216031454? accountid=13908.

Implications of Alcohol Abuse

Implications of Alcohol Abuse There are hundreds of car accidents and drinking related deaths every year due to irresponsible drinking. Many countries around the world face this problem with an abuse of alcohol. Alcohol in the hands of younger people may be a disaster, causing increasing crime related activity and harm, but the other hand is a more mature drinking age forcing delinquents to do illegal activities to obtain booze and drink more irresponsibly? These are questions that need to be answered through a research study in order to decrease the negativity associated with alcohol. The research will take place through the FIU library, Cypress Bay library and other various libraries using ebook references, providing statistics about consumption and its crimes. The purpose of this study is to find out which drinking age seems to be more appropriate for consumption which compares drinking ages among different countries to the negative consequences associated with them. The independent variable will be defined as the various ages of consumption among different countries. The dependent variable will be defined generally as the negative impacts of alcohol consumption, and the intervening variables are using the same age group, which will be 16 to 24, throughout the research study. I will be conducting a literature review to complete my study, which will involve me analyzing previous data collected and analyzing what that data means. I will analyze graphs about amount of alcohol consumed and alcohol related car accidents to find a correlation among the data and conclude what age is safer. Due to different cultures and environments, it may be difficult to include this factors into the study, as these factors will affect the validity of my findings. I conduct this study in the hopes it will further educate government officials to the importance of finding the right age of consumption in order to reduce fatalities and crimes, not only in the US but all around the world. This study will hopefully further the knowledge of potential dangers due to age restrictions to the general public. When concerning the United States, there seems to be statistical evidence that increasing the drinking age in 1984 has improved overall well being of people. During the 20th century, MLDA laws were drastically altered in the United States. Beginning in July 1988, the standard drinking age has been 21 throughout all of the United States. According to Surveys regarding alcohol consumption amongst high schoolers and young adults, drinking has declined since the 1970s, and the decline spiked in the early 90s. Looking at drivers that were killed between the ages 16 to 20, percentages with positive BACs went down from 61% in 1982 to 31% in 1995. Many studies conducted that analyzed the effects of drinking age changes revealed that an MLDA of 21 reduced alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse, drinking and driving, and alcohol related car accidents among youths. Still there is much underage drinking that still goes on, but increased enforcement of drinking age laws can limit underage drinking. R ecent attempts to lower drinking age to 18 and use alcohol education as a means of condemning misuse of alcohol have proven to show no evidence that education programs can have any effect on people, compared to the effect that the MLDA-21 has on people[1]. In regards to driving concerns, studies strongly suggest reducing the drinking age to 18 will dramatically increase driving under the influence and alcohol related car accidents resulting in death. One of the most favorable advantages of increasing the drinking age requirement was to reduce car accidents. When analyzing drivers between the ages of 16 and 20 years, the percentage testing for positive BACs went down from 61 in 1982, all the way to 31 in 1995. In a 1975 study, it showed that reducing the consumption age to 18 in two U.S. states and a Canadian province increased deadly crashes among individuals below 21 years old, juxtaposed with contiguous states where drinking ages werent altered. A 2001 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that gathered the results of 33 studies reported 10 to 16 percent differences in end results for drivers 18-20 years old in alcohol related accidents. Amount of accidents went up when drinking ages were dropped and declined whe n ages went up. The impacts were unfluctuating during follow-up time periods ranging from 7 months to years. According to national roadside breath surveys, people driving at night on the weekends show an estimated 74% fall in blood alcohol concentrations of 0.05 percent or more when looking at individuals below the age of 21 during the period of 1973 to 1996. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration agrees that drinking age requirements should remain the same, stating earlier this year that adopting 21 policies in all states has saved more than 26,000 lives since the mid-1970s, including 4,441 lives amid the past 5 years. This finding is based on studies that found an average reduction of 13 percent in deadly crashes involving drivers 18-20 years old when drinking ages were increased. On the other hand, studies published by the Institute and others in 1983 found reductions in crashes regarding young drivers who were impacted by states going back to the age of 21. Many stud ies since then confirms the lifesaving benefits of 21 as the minimum drinking age. For example, in 1999 New Zealand reduced the consumption age from 20 to 18. A study that was published during 2006 revealed that accident injury rates among 18-19 year old men were 12 percent higher than expected after the policy was altered, based on comparisons with 20-24 year olds. The respective increase was even bigger for 18-19 year old females, at 51 percent, and higher injury rates also were seen for 15-17 year olds[2]. The MLDA or Minimum Legal Drinking age laws state the age at which a person can legally purchase and consume alcohol. The current MLDA in the United States is 21 years of age, however prior to the National Minimum Drinking Act of 1984, the legal drinking age varied from state to state. After every state acquired an age 21 MLDA, alcohol consumption during the prior month declined among individuals ages 18 to 20 from 59 percent in 1985 to 40 percent in 1991. Drinking declined dramatically for people ages 21 to 25 after the states adopted the age 21 MLDA, going from 70 percent in 1985 to 56 in 91. States that increased their legal drinking age to 21 saw a 16 % average decrease in car accidents. The chances for dropping out of high school were 13 times greater for states with a legal age of 18 in comparison with states with an age of 21[3]. The drinking age limit is based on research that reveals that young people act differently to alcohol than adults do. Teens get drunk twice as fast as adults do and do not know their limits of when to stop. Teens instinctively overdo drinking and binge more than adul ts do. By enforcing the drinking age of 21, it reduces car accidents, protects youths maturing brain from being negatively affected, and keeps younger people safer overall. Back when states had a lower legal drinking age in the U.S., the underage drinking problem was worse. Prior to the enactment of the MLDA of 21 in all states, underage age intoxicated drivers were involved in over twice as many fatal crashes as today. Although some may argue that since Europe has a lower drinking age they appear to be far better off than the United States. However, Studies show that Europe has worse problems in regards to drinking alcohol; Compared to America, Europe has more underage drinking, sexual abuse, injuries and problems in school due to alcohol. Due to easier access to alcohol in Europe, it increases the proportion of youths who drink alcohol in Europe[4]. Contrasted and an extensive variety of different projects and endeavors to lessen drinking among youngsters, expanding the legitimate age for buy and utilization of liquor to 21 seems to have been the best push to date (contrast examines condensed in Table I and studies refered to in surveys of other avoidance endeavors, for example, Moskowitz [1989] and Gorman and Speer [1996]). The extent of impacts of t he age-21 arrangement may seem little, especially in studies utilizing frail research plans and having low levels of measurable power. Be that as it may, even unassuming impacts connected to the whole populace of youth result in vast societal advantages. For instance, the National Highway Traffic Security Administration, utilizing a normal evaluated lessening in movement fatalities because of the legitimate drinking time of 13%, ascertains that the age-21 strategy averted 846 passings in 1997 and kept an aggregate of 17,359 passings since 1975 (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1998). An expansive extent of investigations of the MLDA found a factually critical, converse relationship between the MLDA and liquor utilization and liquor related issues (48% of the higher quality reviews). Just a modest number of studies found a measurably huge, positive relationship between the MLDA and different results (1% of the higher quality reviews). Countless found no measurably noteworthy relationship. Notwithstanding contrasts in nature of research plan and examinations, a few different components may represent changeability in results over considers, including size of test and degree of progress in strategy. The ability to identify a factually huge impact is straightforwardly affected by the span of the example. In a few states, the MLDA was raised just 1 year, from age 20 to age 21; in different states it was raised from age 18 to 21. Investigations of strategy changes that influence littler fragments of the populace might be less inclined to identify impacts just due to lessened factual power while examining less information. Given potential plan and investigation constraints in any single review, the huge extent of MLDA studies that found a huge backwards association with different results gives solid support for the adequacy of the MLDA. It is hard to gauge precisely the impacts of the drinking age particularly on undergrads. Tragically, most reviews concentrating on undergrads have been based on weaker cross-sectional outlines or constrained nonprobability tests. Just 9% of the school particular reviews (6 of 64) utilized a higher quality research plan. Of these higher quality thinks about, none found a factually huge opposite relationship between the MLDA and utilization or liquor related issues. Moreover, of these 6 investigations, 4 incorporated an example of understudies at just a single college. Despite the fact that it is conceivable that the age-21 strategy has been less successful on school grounds than among the general youth populace, existing exploration plainly does not propose that the age -21 MLDA has expanded issues among school understudies. In any case, more reviews that utilization powerful research plans would be expected to evaluate precisely the impact of the MLDA particularly on school grounds. Also, investigations of potential intervening elements on grounds are too required. For instance, how well are MLDA laws upheld on school grounds? How effortlessly can underage understudies get liquor close by grounds? In the event that one accept that the MLDA is less viable on school grounds, maybe it is because of careless requirement and especially simple access to liquor by underage youth in such settings. At long last, regardless of advance in late decades, generally youth keep on having access to liquor, most drink at any rate once in a while, whats more, a significant part routinely get to be distinctly inebriated. The social expenses from wounds, passings and harm related with underage drinking stay high. The advantages of the lawful drinking age of 21 have happened with almost no dynamic authorization in many ranges. Just by expanding implementation levels and discouraging grown-ups from offering on the other hand giving liquor to minors, significantly more wounds and passi ngs identified with liquor use among youth are probably going to be kept every year[5]. On the Contrary, lowering the age might not be a bad idea also, considering the limited impact that raising the legal age has on society and its individuals. Raising the MLDA does not stop underage people from consuming alcohol. Implementing a higher drinking age forces underage consumers to drink in secrecy and, in adolescents cases, without adult supervision from their elders. Roughly 90% of the drinking done by people between 18 to 20 years old is done in an irresponsible manner, that being binge drinking. Lowering the MLDA to 18 would allow for parents to teach their children how to drink responsibly, as opposed to drinking in private and being exposed to unsafe drinking habits. In the United States, a person is legally considered an adult at 18, making them liable for their own being and the choices that they make. If an adult is allowed to handle all the responsibilities and decisions for themselves such as entering the armed forces, voting, marrying, and even serving the jury, it is irrational for a so called adult not to be able to make the conscious and responsible decision for themselves to consume alcohol[7]. The legitimate drinking age ought to be brought down to around 18 or 19 and youthful grown-ups permitted to drink in controlled situations, for example, eateries, bars, bars and authority school and college capacities. In these circumstances capable drinking could be instructed through part displaying and instructive projects. Develop and sensible drinking conduct would be normal. This feeling is based upon research that I have been included in for more than a quarter century school age youth and the historical backdrop of savoring the United States and different societies. In spite of the fact that the lawful buy age is 21 years old, a larger part of understudies under this age devour liquor yet in a reckless way. This is on the grounds that drinking by these young is viewed as a tempting illegal natural product, an identification of insubordination to expert and an image of adulthood. As a country we have attempted preclusion enactment twice in the past for controlling flippant dri nking issues. This was amid National Prohibition in the 1920s and state disallowance amid the 1850s. These laws were at long last canceled in light of the fact that they were unenforceable and on the grounds that the reaction towards them brought about other social issues. Today we are rehashing history and committing similar errors that happened previously. Restriction did not work then and disallowance for youngsters less than 21 years old is not working at this point.The displaying of the present laws is promptly observed among college understudies. Those less than 21 years old will probably be overwhelming here and there called orgy consumers (devouring more than 5 drinks in any event once per week). For instance, 22% of all understudies under 21 contrasted with 18% more than 21 years old are substantial consumers. Among consumers just, 32% of under age contrasted with 24% of legitimate age are substantial consumers. Explore from the mid 1980s until the present has demonstrated a ceaseless abatement in drinking and driving related factors which has parallel the nations, and furthermore college understudies, diminish in per capita utilization. Be that as it may, these decreases began in 1980 under the steady gaze of the national 1987 law which com manded states to have 21 year old liquor buy laws. The reduction in drinking and driving issues are the aftereffect of many variables and not only the ascent in buy age or the diminished per capita utilization. These include: training concerning tipsy driving, assigned driver programs, expanded safety belt and air sack utilization, more secure vehicles, bring down speed limits, free taxi administrations from drinking foundations, and so forth.While there has been an abatement in per capita utilization and engine vehicle crashes, sadly, amid this same day and age there has been an INCREASE in different issues identified with overwhelming and flighty drinking among school age youth. The greater part of these announced practices indicated little change until AFTER the 21 year old law in 1987. For instance from 1982 until 1987 around 46% of understudies revealed retching subsequent to drinking. This hopped to more than half after the law change. Noteworthy increment were likewise found for different factors: playing hooky in the wake of drinking hopped from 9% to very nearly 12%; missing class due to aftereffect went from 26% to 28%; getting lower review due to drinking ascended from 5% to 7%; and been in a battle in the wake of drinking expanded from 12% to 17%. These practices are files of unreliable drinking. This expansion in harsh drinking conduct is because of underground drinking outside of grown-up supervision in understudy rooms and lofts were same age people gather and due to absence of learning of dependable drinking practices. Based upon the way that our present preclusion laws are not working, the requirement for option comes closer from the experience of other, and more antiquated societies, who dont have these issues should be attempted. Gatherings, for example, Italians, Greeks, Chinese and Jews, who have few drinking related issues, tend to share some normal qualities. Liquor is neither seen as a toxic substance or an enchantment intense, there is next to zero social weight to drink, flighty conduct is never endured, youngsters take in at home from their folks and from different grown-ups how to deal with liquor in a capable way, there is societal accord on what constitutes capable drinking. Since the 21 year old drinking age law is not working, and is counterproductive, it profits us as a country to change our present restriction law and to educate capable drinking systems for the individuals who expended mixed refreshments[8]. On April 14, 1982, President Reagan set up the Presidential Commission Against Drunk Driving (PCDD). This commission built up 39 suggestions to control what was seen to be a plastered driving pandemic. Taken together, the 39 proposals were expected to be far reaching approach with an object ive of lessening the quantity of liquor related passings on the countrys roadways. Proposal number eight concerned the Minimum Legal Purchasing Age, and said that all states ought to raise their drinking age to 21, keeping in mind that they lose a specific rate of government roadway dollars. In spite of the fact that the objective of the Commissions proposals was planned to be inebriated driving over the grown-up populace, the unbalanced measure of consideration paid to building up 21 as the national least drinking age moved the countrys concentration to youngsters drinking. Select enthusiasm for raising the drinking age underestimated the impact of the rest of the 38 proposals, among them recommendations to execute youth instruction programs, build up an enormous open data crusade, and to expand punishments for indicted plastered drivers. Regarding liquor hindered driving and related fatalities, a current NHTSA concentrate that looked at DUI laws in the United States to those in pr actically identical countries, for example, the European Union States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Brazil, found that the United States had the most noteworthy extent of activity fatalities that were liquor related among the 12 nations detailing information. A similar review found that the United States has the most elevated lawful BAC confine for hindered driving-.10 at the season of production (2000)- and generally careless requirement when contrasted with countries like Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, and Spain where obligatory irregular breath testing and temperance checkpoints were accounted for to be visit and common. The legitimate drinking age of all nations in the report was 18, with Japan and Canada being the main special cases. Japan sets 20 as its legitimate farthest point, while the lawful savoring age Canada is 19 in all areas aside from Alberta, Quebec, and Manitoba, where individuals can drink legitimately at age 18. In both the here and now and the long haul, liquor impacts the juvenile mind in courses not quite the same as the grown-up cerebrum. Puberty, extensively characterized as the second decade of life, neurologically stretches out until the age of 25. In a condition of liquor hindrance (here and now impacts), the immature cerebrum is debilitated in routes like the grown-up mind however to contrasting degrees. In different creature explores, the immature mind demonstrates more prominent liquor prompted weakness of memory recovery and engraving abilities than the grown-up cerebrum. This is to state that the immature mind is more regrettable at recollecting things while intoxicated, and recalling things that happened while tipsy. Contrastingly, the pre-adult mind is less weakened in engine ability control than the grown-up cerebrum. That is, the youthful cerebrum keeps up a more elevated amount of adjust, response time, and deftness while under an indistinguishable level of weakness from a grown-up mind. Since it is unscrupulous to supply liquor to those beneath the savoring age a lab setting, specialists are compelled to utilize rats for exploratory trials. Any use of these discoveries to people is fundamentally to some degree theoretical. Concerning long haul impacts, exploratory rodent lab confirm demonstrates that rehashed introduction to liquor amid youthfulness prompts to enduring shortfalls in psychological capacities, including learning and memory. Comes about because of human reviews are less evident. Cerebrum outputs and estimations of liquor influenced regions of the mind in youthful young people with liquor mishandle scatters indicate bring down rates of mind action amid memory errands and less created mind structures than in non-drinking peers. In spite of the fact that the outcomes are disturbing, they are steady with discoveries from more established, non-juvenile subjects. Subsequently, the intellectual deficiencies credited to liquor use in teenagers are demonstrative not of liquors extraordinary impact amid young people, but rather of the outcomes of overwhelming liquor utilize all the more by and large. Many reviews affirm that since the drinking age was institutionalized at 21 in 1984, the general number of liquor related fatalities for those matured 18-20 has diminished. In any case, this example of decay started in the mid 1970s, years before section of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. In spite of the fact that associations like MADD case the 21 year-old drinking age has spared more than 21,000 lives since the mid-1980s, its is difficult to attest a circumstances and end results relationship between the adjustment in the law and the decrease in liquor related movement fatalities; numerous different elements, for example, more secure vehicles and more stringent tipsy driving laws have assumed an unquestionably imperative part (see beneath). A few researchers have additionally introduced the imperative contention that while passings out and about may have declined pointedly among 18-20 year-olds in the years taking after establishment of the 21 year-old drinking age, the slowest rate of decay and most prominent number of yearly fatalities is seen every year in the 21-24 age amass. In 2002, for instance, twice the same number of 21 year-olds kicked the bucket in liquor related car collisions as 18 year-olds. Such a stunning measurement says a lot: an arrangement that cases to spare a large number of every year may essentially be re-appropriating passings over the life cycle to the time when it gets to be distinctly lawful to drink liquor-age 21. Amid the 1990s, authoritative changes, expanded law requirement, harder indictment and discipline, exceedingly obvious promotion, and state funded training were all parts of the war on intoxicated driving. Other administrative changes, for example, compulsory safety belt laws, bring down BAC limits, and stricter principles on vehicle security benchmarks can likewise be credited. The decrease in liquor related fatalities found in the United States in the course of the last over two decades is inferable from a blend of components, including yet not restricted to more secure vehicles, expanded open consciousness of the threat of smashed driving, utilization of assigned drivers-a term that did not exist in the before the drinking age was raised-balance checkpoints, zero-resistance laws for youthful drivers, and by and large more stringent implementation of liquor disabled driving laws have prompted to the lessening found in rates of inebriated driving and related passings. Truth be told, a considerable lot of these changes can be followed to the 39 suggestions introduced by the Presidential Commission Against Drunk Driving in 1982. As indicated by an investigation by NHTSA, seat straps and air sacks have had an immeasurably more prominent impact in counteracting fatalities than the 21 year-old drinking age; for instance, in 2002 and 2003 alone, more lives out an d about were spared by the utilization of seat straps and airbags than there were in the whole history of the 21 year-old drinking age. Mediations in the course of recent years have succeeded not just in decreasing the frequency of disabled driving and the accidents and fatalities that can come about because of it, additionally in changing the standards identified with driving in the wake of drinking. Tipsy driving is no longer for the most part acknowledged in the public arena, offering ascend to assigned drivers and less plastered drivers on todays streets[9].

Walt Whitmans Relation to the Romantic Period Essay -- Romanticism an

The time of Romanticism brought upon many trends extending from the idea of individualism as a rebellious separation from the classics, an idealistic outlook and finally to a strong religious base. Most of the writers of the Romantic period followed Pantheism "God is everything and everything is God ... the world is either identical with God or in some way a self-expression of his nature" (Owen 1971: 74). The idea of Pantheism was that everything in the world worked in unity. In some of the works of the Romantic period the expression of nature and humans are not separate entities, but one in the same. Even though in reality it did not work this way Pantheism was the ideal of most these writers and idealism in itself was yet another trend in the Romantic period. Another trend in the Romantic period was religion and the idea of sprits. Many writers of the Romantic Period such as Rousseau, Montaigne and Walt Whitman all shared this idea of being individualistic and in most their works it came out as an ego of self expression. Being an individual at the time was a popular thought of people living in the 19th century; thus, the start of the Civil War after most of poetry from this period was published. During the 19th century Walt Whitman was known as an unconventional writer. His work was rebellious and did not stick to any trends of poetry before his time. However, in this technique or lack of technique Whitman marked a new trend of free-verse. Whitman's anthology Leaves of Grass caused a conservational uproar which was no surprise due to his repetitive use of slang, angry diction and an all around "savage" style, (Matthiessen, 181). This now is too lamentable a face for a man; Some abject louse, asking leave to be-cr... ...rns of the poetry before him. For Whitman he felt he did not need to stick to a pattern, likewise he wanted his poetry to come to him randomly, "like music." For Whitman expression was the only purpose to his poetry and everything else was not important, (Allen, 212). Works Cited Allen, Gay Wilson. The New Walt Whitman Handbook. New York: New York University Press, 1975. Greenspan, Ezra, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Walt Whitman (Cambridge UP, 1995), Matthiessen, F.O. American Renaissance: Art and Expression in the Age of Emerson and Whitman. London, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1941. Owen, H. P. Concepts of Deity. London: Macmillan, 1971. Saintsbury, George. Review of Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman. Academy 10 (1874) http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pantheism/

On the Entrapment and Incarceration of the Victorian Woman Essay

Thomas Blackburn describes the two Victorian poets, Robert Browning and Alfred, Lord Tennyson as being great contemporaries (47). As such it is apt that their works should muse upon and explore similar topics and themes. Their connection is especially evident in Browning’s â€Å"My Last Duchess† and Tennyson’s â€Å"The Lady of Shalott†. The themes of entrapment and incarceration feature heavily in both of these works. Specifically, it is the entrapment and incarceration of women which pervade their respective compositions. When taking into consideration the way in which women were viewed at this juncture in history- being nothing more than â€Å"beautiful objects† (Gilbert and Gubar 54), it is quite easy to see how the literary representations of the nineteenth century woman would be responses to such confines. While â€Å"My Last Duchess† can be looked upon as an investigation of the captor, represented by the Duke; â€Å"The Lady of Shalo tt† can be considered an exploration into the captive, represented by the Lady that gives the poem its title. Both poems are an analysis into the Victorian woman as an incarcerated and entrapped sub-culture of a predominately patriarchal society. It is no surprise then that the methods of which these fictional women take to escape comes at the cost of their lives. The doomed Duchess of Robert Browning’s dramatic monologue, â€Å"My Last Duchess† is the embodiment of the incarcerated woman taken to the eternal extreme. The setting for this poem is the Italy of the Middle Ages, a time when women had still less freedom than in the Victorian era. Women were regarded as possessions, a form of imprisonment within itself. As Johnson states the theme of â€Å"marriage as bondage† is consistently explored throughout Browning’s early wor... ...y 16.1 (1978): 70-87. Jospeh, Gerhard. "Tennyson's Optics: The Eagle's Gaze." PMLA 92.3 (1977): 420-428. Langbaum, Robert. The Poetry of Experience: The Dramatic Monologue in Modern Literary Tradition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1957. McGhee, Richard. Marriage, Duty, & Desire in Victorian Poetry and Drama. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1980. Orr, Mrs. Sutherland. Handbook to Robert Browning's Works. 6th Edition. London: George Bell and Sons, 1899. Plasa, Carl. ""Cracked from Side to Side": Sexual Politics in "The Lady of Shalott"." Victorian Poetry 30.3 (1992): 247-263. Ricks, Christopher. Tennyson. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1972. Showalter, Elaine and English Showalter. "Victorian Women and Menstruation." Victorian Studies 14.1 (1970): 83-89. Showalter, Elaine. "Victorian Women and Insanity." Victorian Studies 23.2 (1980): 157-181.